Shari'a

Shari'a
legal system (en) , academic discipline (en) , form of government (en) da Islamic term (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	religious law (en) da Doka
Sunan asali	شَرِيعَةٌ
Addini	Musulunci
Alaƙanta da	Fiƙihu
Tarihin maudu'i	history of sharia (en)
Gudanarwan	qadi (en) da Islamic jurist (en)
Amfani wajen	Islamic court (en)

Shari'a, wanda aka fi sani da ka'idar doka ko falsafar doka, bincike ne a cikin hangen nesa na abin da doka take da abin da ya kamata ta kasance. Yana bincika batutuwa kamar ma'anar doka; ingancin doka; ka'idojin doka da dabi'u; da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin doka da sauran fannonin karatu, gami da tattalin arziki, ɗabi'a, Tarihi, ilimin zamantakewa, da Falsafar siyasa.

Shari'ar zamani ta fara ne a karni na 18 kuma ta dogara ne akan ka'idojin farko na dokar halitta, dokar farar hula, da dokar kasashe. Falsafar shari'a ta zamani tana magance matsalolin cikin doka da tsarin shari'a da matsalolin doka a matsayin tsarin zamantakewa wanda ke da alaƙa da mafi girman yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa inda yake. Ana iya raba shari'a zuwa rukuni ta hanyar nau'in tambayoyin da malaman ke neman amsawa da kuma ka'idodin shari'a, ko makarantun tunani, game da yadda ake amsa waɗannan tambayoyin:

• Dokar halitta ta tabbatar da cewa akwai iyakokin ma'ana ga ikon sarakuna, tushe na doka yana samuwa ta hanyar dalili, kuma daga waɗannan dokokin yanayi ne dokokin ɗan adam ke samun ƙarfi.
• Shari'a mai nazari tana ƙoƙari ta bayyana abin da doka take. Ka'idoji guda biyu da suka fi rinjaye a tarihi a cikin shari'ar nazari sune ka'idar shari'a da ka'idar ka'idar halitta. A cewar masu ra'ayin shari'a, wane doka ce kuma wane doka ya kamata ta kasance ba ta da wata alaƙa da juna, don haka yana yiwuwa a shiga cikin shari'ar nazari ba tare da shiga cikin shari-ar doka ba. A cewar Natural Law Theorists, akwai haɗin da ya dace tsakanin abin da doka ce da abin da ya kamata ta kasance, don haka ba zai yiwu a shiga cikin shari'ar nazari ba tare da shiga cikin shari-ar doka ba.
• Shari'a ta ka'idoji tana ƙoƙari ta tsara abin da doka ta kamata ta kasance. Yana damuwa da manufar ko manufar doka da abin da ka'idojin ɗabi'a ko siyasa ke ba da tushe ga doka. Yana ƙoƙari ya ƙayyade abin da aikin doka ya kamata ya zama, waɗanne irin ayyukan ya kamata su kasance ƙarƙashin takunkumin doka, da kuma waɗanne irin azabtarwa ya kamata a ba da izini.
• Shari'ar zamantakewar al'umma tana nazarin yanayin da ayyukan doka a cikin hasken ilimin kimiyya na zamantakewa. Yana jaddada bambancin abubuwan shari'a tsakanin al'adu da al'ummomi daban-daban. Ya dogara musamman akan ka'idar zamantakewar da aka tsara ta hanyar kwarewa, amma yana jawo albarkatun ka'idoji daga fannoni daban-daban.
• Shari'ar gwaji tana neman bincika abubuwan da ke cikin ka'idojin shari'a ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar zamantakewa, ba kamar hanyoyin falsafa na shari'ar gargajiya ba.

Ganin cewa lauyoyi suna da sha'awar abin da doka ke da shi a kan takamaiman batun a cikin takamaiman iko, masana falsafa na shari'a suna da shaʼawar gano siffofin doka da aka raba a al'adu, lokuta, da wurare. Tare, waɗannan fasalulluka na tushe na doka suna ba da nau'in ma'anar duniya waɗanda masana falsafa ke biye da su. Hanyar gabaɗaya tana bawa masana falsafa damar yin tambayoyi game da, alal misali, abin da ke raba doka daga ɗabi'a, siyasa, ko Dalili mai amfani. Duk da yake filin ya mayar da hankali kan bayar da labarin yanayin doka, wasu malamai sun fara bincika yanayin yankuna a cikin doka, misali Dokar laifi, Dokar kwangila, ko dokar aikata laifuka. Wadannan malamai suna mai da hankali kan abin da ke sa wasu fannoni na doka suka bambanta da kuma yadda wani yanki ya bambanta da wani. Wani yanki mai amfani na bincike shine bambancin tsakanin dokar laifi da dokar aikata laifuka, wanda galibi ya shafi bambancin tsakanin shari'ar farar hula da aikata laifula.

Shari'ah tsohuwar ta fara ne da matani daban-daban na Dharmaśāstra na Indiya. Dharmasutras na Āpastaṃba da Baudhāyana misalai ne.^[1]

A Tsohon kasar Sin, Daoists, Confucians, da Legalists duk suna da ra'ayoyin gasa na shari'a.^[2]

Shari'a a tsohuwar Roma ta samo asali ne daga periti - masana a cikin jus mos maiorum (dokar gargajiya), tsarin Dokokin baki da al'adu. Firayim Minista sun kafa tsarin aiki na dokoki ta hanyar yin hukunci ko shari'o'i na musamman sun iya gurfanar da su ta hanyar edicta, furcin shekara-shekara na laifuka masu tuhuma, ko kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman, ƙarin da aka yi wa edicta. Wani iudex (asalin majistare, daga baya wani mutum mai zaman kansa da aka nada don yin hukunci da takamaiman shari'a ) zai ba da magani bisa ga gaskiyar shari'ar.

1. ↑ Katju, Markandey (27 November 2010). "Ancient Indian Jurisprudence" (PDF). Banaras Hindu University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
2. ↑ Chang, Wejen (Spring 2010). "Classical Chinese Jurisprudence and the Development of the Chinese Legal System". Tsinghua China Law Review. 2. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2019.