Labarin mutuwa

Labarin mutuwa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	attitude to death (en)
Has cause (en)	hukuncin kisa

Abubuwan da ke faruwa a layin mutuwa shine damuwa da fursunoni ke ji a layin kisa. Damuwa game da ka'idojin haifar da wannan damuwa ga fursunoni ya haifar da wasu damuwa na shari'a game da Tsarin mulki na hukuncin kisa a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe. Dangane da amfani da tsare-tsare tare da fursunonin da ke cikin layin mutuwa, abin da ke faruwa a layin mutuwa da kuma ciwon layin mutuwa ra'ayoyi biyu ne da ke samun karbuwa. Cutar layin mutuwa ra'ayi ne na musamman, wanda shine tasirin tunani na abin da ya faru a layin mutuwa, wanda kawai ke nufin abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar. Har ila yau, akwai waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a ƙasashe da ke da jinkiri a kan kisan kai, waɗanda ba a tsara su ba, amma kuma akwai wasu ra'ayoyin tunani.^[1]

Harrison da Tamony sun bayyana abin da ya faru a jere na mutuwa a matsayin mummunan sakamako na yanayin jere na mutuwa, yayin da ciwon jere na mutuwa shine bayyanar cututtukan tunani wanda zai iya faruwa sakamakon abin da ya haifar da jere na mutuwa.

Cutar layin mutuwa cuta ce ta tunanin mutum wacce fursunoni a layin mutuwa zasu iya wucewa lokacin da aka ware su. Fursunoni da ke fama da cutar death row na iya nuna halin kashe kansa da kuma tunanin tunanin tunanin mutum. A cewar wasu likitocin kwakwalwa, sakamakon kasancewa a cikin layin mutuwa na dogon lokaci, gami da tasirin sanin cewa za a kashe mutum da yanayin rayuwa, na iya haifar da yaudara da halin kashe kansa a cikin mutum kuma yana iya haifar da hauka a cikin hanyar da ke da haɗari. Fursunoni suna jiran shekaru don kisa a kan layin mutuwa kuma yayin da suke jiran fursunoni suna wucewa cikin keɓewa mai raɗaɗi. Suna zaune a cikin sel masu girman wuraren ajiye motoci. Rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayin na iya kara tasirin warewa. Yawancin fursunoni suna zaune a cikin ɗakunan su sama da sa'o'i ashirin a rana. Irin wannan warewa da jira don kisa yana haifar da fursunoni da yawa su mutu ta hanyar halitta.

Lester da Tartaro sun gano adadin wadanda suka kashe kansu a cikin fursunoni na mutuwa ya zama 113 a cikin 100,000 na lokacin 1976-1999. Wannan kusan sau goma ne na yawan kashe kansa a Amurka gabaɗaya kuma kusan sau shida na yawan kashe kansu a cikin yawan fursunonin Amurka.

Tun lokacin da aka sake kafa hukuncin kisa na Amurka a 1976 zuwa 1 ga Janairu, 2017, fursunoni 145 sun yi watsi da roƙonsu kuma sun nemi a aiwatar da kisa; mafi mahimmanci, shari'ar Gary Gilmore a Utah ta kawo dakatarwar shekaru goma na kasa bayan Gregg v. Georgia. A zamanin bayan Furman, jihohi huɗu (Connecticut, New Mexico, Oregon, da Pennsylvania) sun kashe masu sa kai kawai.^[2]

Za'a iya gano ka'idar abin da ya faru a jere na mutuwa zuwa 1989, lokacin da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta amince da cewa mummunan yanayi a jere na kisa a Virginia ya kamata ya nufin cewa bai kamata a mika mai tsere zuwa Amurka ba sai dai idan Amurka ta amince ba za ta kashe mai tsere ba idan an yanke wa mutum hukunci. Bugu da ƙari, yawan shekarun da mai tsere zai kasance a kan layin mutuwa an dauke shi matsala. An san shari'ar da Soering v. United Kingdom . Tun da farko, duk da haka, a cikin 1950, wani alƙali na Kotun Koli ta Amurka, a cikin Solesbee v. Balkcom, ya ce farawar hauka yayin jiran aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba sabon abu ba ne. Sau da yawa, abin da ya faru a jere na mutuwa, kasancewar sakamakon doguwar zama a jere na mutuwar, sakamako ne da ba da gangan ba na dogon hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a ƙoƙarin tabbatar da hukuncin kisa ana amfani da shi ne kawai ga masu laifi.

Ya zuwa 2013, muhawara game da abin da ya faru a jere na mutuwa ba su taɓa samun nasara wajen guje wa hukuncin kisa ga kowane mutum a Amurka ba, amma Kotun Koli ta wannan ƙasar ta san ka'idar kuma ta ambaci shi a cikin yanke shawara. Lokacin da Mai kisan gilla Michael Bruce Ross ya amince a kashe shi a shekara ta 2005, shawarar da ya yanke ta haifar da gardama kan ko zai iya yarda da irin wannan abu bisa doka, kamar yadda lamarin da ya faru a jere na mutuwa zai iya taimakawa ga shawarar da ya yi.

Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi nuni da abin da ya faru a jere na mutuwa, tare da wasu damuwa game da kisa, don bayyana haɗarin da za a kashe fursuna bayan an mika shi zuwa wata ƙasa don ya zama keta adalci na asali - haƙƙin doka a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada. Shari'ar ita ce Amurka v. Burns (2001). Tun da farko, a cikin 1991, wasu alƙalai na Kotun Koli, a cikin Kindler v. Canada (Ministan Shari'a), sun nuna shakku game da gardamar shari'a game da abin da ya faru, suna rubuta cewa damuwa ba hukunci ne mai tsanani kamar kisa kanta, kuma suna rubuta cewa fursunoni da kansu sun zaɓi yin kira ga hukuncin su, don haka suna da alhakin tsayawa a kan layin mutuwa. A cikin Burns, duk da haka, Kotun ta yarda cewa kawai tsarin kisa, gami da tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da hukuncin daidai, "yana kama da samar da jinkiri mai tsawo, da kuma raunin da ke tattare da shi. Wannan ya sanya shakku kan ko haɗarin kisa bayan mika shi, gabaɗaya, zai iya jituwa da ka'idodin adalci na asali.Sakamakon shari'a.

1. ↑ "Years in the Row". Prison Insider. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
2. ↑ "deathpenaltyinfo.org". DeathPentaltyInfo.org. Retrieved June 22, 2017.