Árbore do té

  • A árbore do té non ten nada en común coa planta do té (planta).

A árbore do té[1] (Melaleuca alternifolia), tamén coñecido coma árbore do té de follas estreitas (Narrow-leaved Tea-tree en inglés) é unha especie de arboriña autraliana do xénero de plantas Melaleuca (familia: Myrtaceae (as mirtáceas). Ten multitude de usos cosméticos e medicinais.

Distribución e hábitat

É nativo de Australia, medrando en terreos húmidos e lamacentos da costa norte de Nova Gales do Sur.

Descrición

É un arbusto ou arboriña que acada os 5 metros de altura. As follas son estreitas e recendentes, lineares, de 10 a 35 mm de longo e 1 mm de largo. As flores son abrancazasas e medran en espigas de 3–5 cm de longo. O froito é miúdo e lígneo, en forma de copa mide 2–3 mm de diámetro.[2]

Propiedades

  • Desta planta obtense un aceite esencial chamado igualmente árbore do té que é antiséptico, antifúnxico e antibiótico;
  • Ten efectos cicatrizantes polo seu contido antibiótico;
  • Úsase coma antiséptico e desodorizante en xampús e xabóns comerciais;
  • Utilízase coma axente medicinal para tratar unha chea de affeccións da pel;
  • É moi efectivo en afeccións da gorxa e boca facendo gargarexos cunhas pingas do óleo e unha pouca auga.

As pescudas sobre as súas propiedades curativas nas últimas décadas levou cada vez a máis facultativos da escola ortodoxa a recomendar preparados elaborados a base de aceite da árbore do té coma substituíntes de medicamentos sintéticos.

Composición química

A droga é un aceite esencial (Melaleuca alternifoliae aetheroleum) sendo un líquido de incoloro a ámbar pálido, cun cheiro forte característico. Obtense das follas e pólas novas por destilación.

Este aceite ten un centenar de compoñentes. Os principais compoñentes químicos son unha mestura complexa de alcois mono e sesquiterpénicos:

  • Terpinen-4-ol (29–45%)
  • γ -terpina (10–28%)
  • α -terpina (2,7–13%)
  • 1,8-cineol (4,5–16,5%)

Efectos secundarios do aceite esencial da árbore do té

Cómpre empregar o aceite en uso externo e nunca inxerilo. Poden existir fenómenos de alerxias.

Este aceite é tóxico a pequenas doses se o tragan os animais de compaña.[3][4] En humanos téñense descritos numerosos efectos secundarios.[5][6][7] Os síntomas inclúen a ataxia, mareos, náuseas e certa desorientación. O coma pode ocorrer con fortes doses.

Pódese utilizar como compoñente en cremas, a condición de que estes últimos se reserven aos adultos e que non sexan tragados.

O óleo semella tamén ter propiedades estroxénicas téndoo coma responsábel do aumento dos seos (xinecomastia) en rapaces que, sen acadar a puberdade, utilizaron xabóns que contiñan este aceite.[8]

Notas

  1. Ningún dicionario galego recolle o nome desta especie; o nome vulgar escollido é igual que o vulgar das outras linguas achegadas: portugués: árvore-do-chá, castelán: árbol del té, catalán: arbre del te, francés: arbre à thé, inglés: tea-tree.
  2. Harden, G.J., (ed), Flora of New South Wales, Vol. 2, 1991, ISBN 0-86840-172-2
  3. (en inglés)Hammer K, Carson C, Riley T, Nielsen J (2006). "A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil.". Food Chem Toxicol 44 (5): 616–25. PMID 16243420. 
  4. Tea Tree Oil - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
  5. (en inglés)Del Beccaro M (1995). "Melaleuca oil poisoning in a 17-month-old.". Vet Hum Toxicol 37 (6): 557–8. PMID 8588296. 
  6. (en inglés)Jacobs M, Hornfeldt C (1994). "Melaleuca oil poisoning.". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32 (4): 461–4. PMID 8057407. 
  7. Morris M, Donoghue A, Markowitz J, Osterhoudt K (2003). "Ingestion of tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil) by a 4-year-old boy.". Pediatr Emerg Care 19 (3): 169–71. PMID 12813303. 
  8. (en inglés)Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils Arquivado 15 de febreiro de 2010 en Wayback Machine., Derek V. Henley, Natasha Lipson, Kenneth S. Korach, Clifford A. Bloch, New Eng J Med, 2007;356:479-485
  • ↑ (en)Hammer K, Carson C, Riley T, Nielsen J (2006). "A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil.". Food Chem Toxicol 44 (5): 616-25. PMID 16243420.
  • ↑ ^[1]
  • ↑ (en)Del Beccaro M (1995). "Melaleuca oil poisoning in a 17-month-old.". Vet Hum Toxicol 37 (6): 557-8. PMID 8588296.
  • ↑ (en)Jacobs M, Hornfeldt C (1994). "Melaleuca oil poisoning.". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32 (4): 461-4. PMID 8057407.
  • ↑ Morris M, Donoghue A, Markowitz J, Osterhoudt K (2003). "Ingestion of tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil) by a 4-year-old boy.". Pediatr Emerg Care 19 (3): 169-71. PMID 12813303.
  • ↑ (en)Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils, Derek V. Henley, Natasha Lipson, Kenneth S. Korach, Clifford A. Bloch, New Eng J Med, 2007;356:479-485

Véxase tamén

Ligazóns externas

Propiedades, cultivo e usos da árbore do té (en castelán)[Ligazón morta]

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