Tioéster

Estrutura xeral dun tioéster.
O acetil-CoA é o tioéster máis coñecido.

Os tioésteres son compostos que levan o grupo funcional C-S-CO-C. Son o resultado da esterificación dun ácido carboxílico e un tiol. Os tioésteres son compostos comúns e importantes, entre os que o máis sobranceiro é o acetil-CoA.

Síntese

Poden obterse tioésteres de moitas formas,[1] pero a ruta principal implica a condensación de tioles e ácidos carboxílicos en presenza de axentes deshidratantes.[2]

RSH + R'CO2H → RSC(O)R' + H2O

Un axente deshidratante comunmente utilizado é o N,N'-diciclohexilcarbodiimida (DCC). Os anhídridos de ácidos e algunhas lactonas tamén reaccionan cos tioles en presenza de bases.

Tamén se poden orixinar tioésteres por carbonilación de alquinos e alquenos en presenza de tioles.[3]

Reaccións

O carbonilo dos tioésteres é reactivo cos nucleófilos, a súa reactividade recorda á dos cloruros ácidos pero é máis lixeira. Así, os tioésteres e aminas combínanse para dar amidas:

R"NH2 + RSC(O)R' → R"2NC(O)R' + RSH

Nos tioésteres os grupos C-H adxacentes ao carbonilo son suavemente ácidos e sofren condensacións aldólicas. Este tipo de reacción ocorre na biosíntese de ácidos graxos.

Bioquímica

Os tioésteres son intermediatos comúns en moitas reaccións bioquímicas, como a formación e degradación de ácidos graxos e de mevalonato, precursor dos esteroides. A biosíntese da lignina, que é unha gran porción da biomasa das plantas, ten lugar por medio dun derivado tioéster do ácido cafeico.[4] Son exemplos de tioésteres os seguintes: acetil-CoA, malonil-CoA, acetoacetil-CoA, propionil-CoA, succinil-CoA e o cinamoíl-CoA. A acetoxénese procede por medio da formación de acetil-CoA. Estes tioésteres orixínanse de modo análogo aos preparados sinteticamente, pero a diferenza é que o axente deshidratante é o ATP. Ademais, os tioésteres xogan un importante papel no marcado de proteínas con ubiquitina, o cal as destina á degradación.

Tioésteres e orixe da vida

Algúns bioquímicos pensan que os tioésteres xogaron un papel fundamental na orixe da vida. O premio Nobel Christian de Duve propuxo a existencia no período da orixe da vida na Terra dun "mundo do tioéster", que precedeu e deu lugar a un "mundo de ARN" posterior, a partir do cal se orixinarían os seres vivos actuais baseados no ADN.[5]

De Duve explica que:

"O enlace tioéster é o que os bioquímicos chaman un enlace de alta enerxía, equivalente aos enlaces fosfato na adenosina trifosfato (ATP), que é o principal fornecedor de enerxía en todos os organismos vivos ...
É revelador que os tioésteres sexan intermediarios obrigados en varios procesos chave nos que o ATP se usa ou rexenera. Os tioésteres están implicados na síntese de todos os ésteres, incluíndo os que se encontran nos lípidos complexos. Tamén participan na síntese dalgúns compoñentes celulares máis, incluíndo os péptidos, os ácidos graxos, esterois, terpenos, porfirinas e outros. Ademais, os tioésteres fórmanse como intermediarios chave dalgúns procesos particularmente antigos que acaban na produción de ATP. En calquera destes casos, os tioésteres están máis próximos ca o ATP ao proceso que utiliza ou produce enerxía. Noutras palabras, os tioésteres puideron ter desempeñado realmente o papel do ATP nun mundo de tioésteres no que o ATP estaba inicialmente ausente. Finalmente, estes puideron ter servido de introdutores do ATP grazas á súa capacidade de promover a formación de enlaces entre grupos fosfato."

Tionoésteres

Fórmula do metil tionobenzoato.

Os tionoésteres son isómeros dos tioésteres. Nun tionoéster, o xofre substitúe o osíxeno do carbonilo dos ésteres. O metil tionobenzoato é un exemplo e ten esta fórmula C6H5C(S)OCH3. Tales compostos prepáranse xeralmente por reacción dun cloruro de tioacilo cun alcohol, pero poden tamén orixinarse pola reacción do reactivo de Lawesson con ésteres.[6]

Notas

  1. Shin-ichi Fujiwara, Nobuaki Kambe "Thio-, Seleno-, and Telluro-Carboxylic Acid Esters" in Topics in Current Chemistry (2005) volume, 251: pp. 87–140.doi 10.1007/b101007
  2. http://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/C1S/thioesters.shtm
  3. Werner Bertleff, Michael Roeper, Xavier Sava “Carbonylation” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH. doi 10.1002/14356007.a05_217.pub2 10.1002/14356007.a05_217.pub2
  4. Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. "Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry" 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
  5. de Duve, Christian (Sept./Oct. 1995), American Scientist
  6. R. J. Cremlyn “An Introduction to Organosulfur Chemistry” John Wiley and Sons: Chichester (1996). ISBN 0 471 95512 4.

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