Superfluidez

O helio-2 «flúe» ao longo das superficies co fin de encontrar o seu propio nivel. Despois dun corto período de tempo, os niveis nos dous contedores igualanse. A "película de Rollin" tamén cobre o interior do recipiente máis grande. Se este non se selou, o Helio II pode fluír e escapar.

A superfluidez é un estado da materia (non clásico) caracterizado pola ausencia total de viscosidade (o cal o diferencia dunha substancia moi fluída, a cal tería unha viscosidade próxima a cero, pero non exactamente igual a cero), de maneira que, nun circuíto pechado, fluiría interminabelmente sen fricción.

Un fluído neste estado denomínase superfluído.

A superfluidez foi descuberta en 1937 por Piotr Kapitsa, John F. Allen e Don Misener, e o seu estudo denomínase hidrodinámica cuántica.

É un fenómeno físico que ten lugar a moi baixas temperaturas, cerca do cero absoluto, límite en que cesa toda actividade. Un inconveniente é que case todos os elementos conxelan a esas temperaturas.

Tamén é unha propiedade de varios outros estados exóticos da materia que foron teorizados en astrofísica, física de alta enerxía e nas teorías da gravidade cuántica.[1]

Pero hai unha excepción: o helio. Existen dous isótopos estábeis do helio, o helio-4 (que é moi común) e o helio-3, que é raro e se produce na desintegración beta do tritio en reactores nucleares. Tamén se encontra na superficie da Lúa, arrastrado até alí polo vento solar.

Os dous isótopos compórtanse de modos moi diferentes, o cal serve para examinar os efectos das dúas estatísticas cuánticas:[2]

Notas

  1. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 - Advanced Information". www.nobelprize.org. Consultado o 19 de agosto de 2019. 
  2. Minkel, J. R. "Strange but True: Superfluid Helium Can Climb Walls". Scientific American (en inglés). Consultado o 19 de agosto de 2019. 

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Annett, James F. (2005). Superconductivity, superfluids, and condensates. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850756-7. 
  • Guénault, Antony M. (2003). Basic superfluids. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-7484-0891-6. 
  • Svistunov, B. V.; Babaev, E. S. & Prokof'ev N. V. Superfluid States of Matter
  • Volovik, G. E. (2003). The Universe in a helium droplet. Int. Ser. Monogr. Phys. 117. pp. 1–507. ISBN 978-0-19-850782-6. 

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