Organizador nucleolar

O organizador nucleolar ou rexión organizadora nucleolar (NOR polas súas siglas en inglés) é unha rexión cromosómica arredor da cal se forma o nucléolo. A rexión permanece asociada ao nucléolo ata que a célula se divide. A rexión contén varios xenes repetidos en tándem para os ARN ribosómicos.[1] No home aparecen NORs nos cromosomas acrocéntricos con constricións secundarias.

ARNr e NORs

Nos humanos unha NOR contén xenes para os ARNr de 5,8S, 18S, e 28S, que a ARN polimerase I transcribe como un ARNr precursor de 45S, que despois é cortado por encimas chegados alí coa axuda das ribonucleoproteínas snoRNPs. As NOR humanas están agrupados nos brazos curtos dos nosos cromosomas acrocéntricos dos pares 13, 14, 15, 21 e 22 na zona da constrición secundaria. Estes xenes en tándem das NORs conteñen entre 30 e 40 repeticións en tándem dunha unidade de transcrición de 13 kb e un espazador non transcrito de 27 kb, onde se encontran os elementos reguladores. O ARNr 5S non se forma en rexións organizadoras nucleolares, senón en xenes en tándem do cromosoma 1, transcritos pola ARN polimerase III.

Cando os xenes das NOR empezan a transcribir o ARNr, os transcritos que se forman ao seu arredor, xunto con proteínas empezan a formar as subunidades dos ribosomas. A área do núcleo onde se acumula todo este material vista ao microscopio aparece como unha gran mancha, que é o nucléolo. Durante a mitose, cando o ADN está en forma de cromosoma, os NOR non están activos e o núcléolo desaparece; vólvese a formar pouco a pouco na telofase.

Varios xenes que codifican factores de transcrición están asociados co funcionamento dos NORs, como o RUNX2,[2] e o UBTF [3].

Detección

Nas análises de cariotipos pode utilizarse unha tinguidura de prata (impregnación arxéntica) para localizar os organizadores nucleolares.[4][5] O nitrato de prata insírese en proteínas asociadas ás NOR nos talos e satélites dos cromosomas, tinguindo as proteínas de negro. A cantidade de tinguidura depositada e o número de organizadores nucleolares difire entre a poboación, pero o máximo que normalmente debería de haber son 10 NOR por célula. Tamén se usa a hibridación in situ co ADN ribosómico.

Competencia nucleolar

Este termo fai referencia ao fenómeno polo que non todas as NORs que están presentes na célula están activas funcionalmente. A expresión citolóxica deste fenómeno denomínase anfiplastia, e pode haber cambios da morfoloxía cromosómica con desaparición dalgunha constrición secundaria en certos casos [6]. Isto pódese observar, por exemplo, en híbridos interespecíficos. Denomínase anfiplastia diferencial cando os cambios só se producen nalgúns cromosomas do complemento. Un exemplo é o que se produce no híbrido entre as plantas Crepis parviflora e Crepis capillaris [7].

Descubrimento

Quen primeiro describiu o "corpo organizador nucleolar" foi Barbara McClintock en 1934 nos cromosomas do millo (Zea mays).[8][9] Barbara McClintock observou que á formación do nucléolo só contribuían de forma activa aqueles cromosomas que presentaban constrición secundaria. Posteriormente outros como Ritossa e Spiegelman (1965), contribuíron ao seu estudo, demostrando a estrutura característica destas rexións, que posuían unidades de transcrición intercaladas con espazadores non transcritos.

Notas

  1. "Counting the Nucleolar Organizer Region—Associated Proteins Is a Prognostic Clue of Malignant Melanoma" - Archives of Dermatology
  2. Young DW, Hassan MQ, Pratap J, Galindo M, Zaidi SK, Lee S, Yang X, Xie R, Javed A, Underwood JM, Furcinitti P, Imbalzano AN, Penman S, Nickerson JA, Montecino MA, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS (2007). "Mitotic occupancy and lineage-specific transcriptional control of rRNA genes by Runx2". Nature 445 (7126): 442–446. PMID 17251981. doi:10.1038/nature05473. 
  3. Chan EKL, Imai H, Hamel JC, Tan EM (1991). "Human autoantibody to RNA polymerase I transcription factor hUBF: molecular identity of nucleolus organizer region autoantigen NOR-90 and ribosomal RNA transcription upstream binding factor". Journal of Experimental Medicine 174 (5): 1239–1244. PMC 2119007. PMID 1940801. doi:10.1084/jem.174.5.1239. 
  4. Bloom SE, Goodpasture C. (1976). "An improved technique for selective silver staining of Nucleolar Organizer Regions in human chromosomes". Human Genetics 34 (2): 199–206. PMID 63440. doi:10.1007/BF00278889. 
  5. Lay YF, Pfeiffer RA, Arrighi FE, Hsa TC (1978). "Combination of silver and fluorescent staining for metaphase chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics 30 (1): 76–79. PMC 1685453. PMID 74950. 
  6. Citogenética - Googlebooks - Juan Ramón Lacadena - 1996 [1]
  7. W. H. R. Langridge, T. A. O'Malley, and H. Wallacet. Neutral Amphiplasty and Regulation of the Cell Cycle in Crepis Herbs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 1894-1900, December 1970. [2]
  8. McClintock B (1934). "The relation of a particular chromosomal element to the development of the nucleoli in Zea mays". Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie 21 (2): 294–328. doi:10.1007/BF00374060. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 13 de setembro de 2019. Consultado o 17 de abril de 2012. 
  9. "Dr. Barbara McClintock, 90, Gene Research Pioneer, Dies" - New York Times

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Genética humana. Tom Strachan, Andrew P. Read.Mc Graw Hill. (en castelán)
  • Citogenética. Juan Ramón Lacadena. Editorial Complutense. (en castelán)
  • Análisis evolutivo. Scott Freeman, Jon C. Herron.Prentice Hall. (en castelán)
  • Conceptos de Genética . William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer. Prentice Hall. (en castelán)

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