Número irracional

Os números irracionais son aqueles elementos da recta real que non son expresables mediante fraccións usando as operacións internas deste conxunto. É dicir, un número irracional non pode expresarse da forma a/b sendo a e b enteiros.

Os números irracionais caracterízanse por posuír infinitas cifras decimais que non seguen ningún patrón repetitivo. Os máis célebres números irracionais son identificados mediante símbolos. Algúns destes son:

  • π (pi): relación entre o perímetro dunha circunferencia e o seu diámetro.
  • e: :
  • (Número áureo):

Demostración

Un exemplo destes números irracionais é a raíz cadrada de 2. Para comprobalo podemos partir inicialmente de que a raíz cadrada de 2 si pode ser un número racional.

Iso significaría que m e n non teñen factores comúns, porque se non, poderiamos simplificar esa fracción ata atopar un factor común. Se elevamos os dous termos da ecuación ao cadrado temos

Aquí podemos deducir que m é un número par, porque dado que , m sempre será par ao proceder dun produto de 2.

Polo tanto, se m é par podemos expresalo como m=2k. E se elevamos isto ao cadrado temos que

Ou o que é o mesmo

Co que chegamos á conclusión de que n tamén é par. Pero iso non é posible, porque levaría a que m e n tivesen un factor común, e iso descartámolo ao comezo. Esta reductio ad absurdum é a que nos indica que as nosas premisas eran erróneas e que non pode ser racional.

Números transcendentes

De especial relevancia son os chamados números transcendentes, que non poden ser solución de ningunha ecuación alxébrica. Por exemplo, o número áureo é unha das raíces da ecuación , polo que non é un número transcendente. Pola contra, pi e e si son transcendentes.

Os números irracionais non son numerables ou contables, é dicir que entre dous irracionais calquera existen infinitos números irracionais. Por extensión os números reais tampouco son contables xa que inclúen o conxunto dos irracionais.

Véxase tamén

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