Fluxo magnético

Fluxo magnético dunha espira.
Electromagnetismo
Electrostática
Magnetostática
Electrodinámica
Circuíto eléctrico
Formulación covariante
Científicos

O fluxo magnético Φ (representado pola letra grega fi Φ), é unha medida da cantidade de magnetismo, e calcúlase a partir do campo magnético, a superficie sobre a cal actúa e o ángulo de incidencia formado entre as liñas de campo magnético e os diferentes elementos de dita superficie. A unidade de fluxo magnético no Sistema Internacional de Unidades é o weber e desígnase por Wb (motivo polo cal se coñecen como weberímetros os aparatos empregados para medir o fluxo magnético). No sistema ceguesimal utilízase o maxwell (1 weber =108 maxwells).

[Wb]=[V]·[s][1]

Se o campo magnético B é vector paralelo ao vector superficie de área S, o fluxo Φ que pasa a través de dita área é simplemente o produto do valor absoluto de ambos vectores:

Vectores normais a unha superficie dada.

En moitos casos o campo magnético non será normal á superficie, senón que forma un ángulo φ coa normal, polo que podemos xeneralizar un pouco máis tomando vectores:

Xeneralizando aínda máis, podemos ter en conta unha superficie irregular atravesada por un campo magnético heteroxéneo. Deste xeito, temos que considerar cada diferencial de área:

Denomínase fluxo magnético á cantidade de liñas de forza que pasan por un circuíto magnético.

Cuantización do fluxo magnético

Cuantización do fluxo magnético nun anel supercondutor.[2]

Como xa predixo Fritz London en 1948, é posible observar a cuantización do fluxo magnético en substancias supercondutoras. O cuanto de fluxo magnético é unha constante física:

.

A inversa do cuanto de fluxo magnético KJ = 1/Φ0 acostúmase coñecer como constante de Josephson, por Brian David Josephson.

Empregando o efecto Josephson é posible medir con moita precisión o cuanto de fluxo magnético, o cal se empregou xunto co efecto Hall cuántico para medir a constante de Planck coa máxima precisión até hoxe feita. É bastante irónico que a constante de Planck adoite estar asociada a sistemas microscópicos, pero que o seu valor se calcule a partir de dous fenómenos macroscópicos como o efecto Josephson e o efecto Hall cuántico.[3][4][5]

Notas

  1. ↑ "Sistema Internacional de Unidades" (en español). Consultado o 1 de marzo de 2012. 
  2. ↑ MG Castellano y otros (2003). "Tracing the characteristics of a flux qubit with a hysteretic dc-superconducting quantum interference device comparator". Journal of Applied Physics 94: 7935. doi:10.1063/1.1628382. 
  3. ↑ Petley, BW, Kibble, BP y Hartland, A (18 de xuño de 1987). "A measurement of the Planck constant". Nature 327: 605 – 606. doi:10.1038/327605a0. 
  4. ↑ Williams, ER y otros (21 de setembro de 1998). "Accurate Measurement of the Planck Constant". Physical Review Letters 81 (12): 2404 – 2407. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2404. 
  5. ↑ "Physics News Graphics: Measuring Planck's Constant" (en inglés). Arquivado dende o orixinal o 01 de xullo de 2013. Consultado o 1 de marzo de 2012. 

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