Ciclo Brayton

O Ciclo Brayton ou ciclo de Brayton é un ciclo termodinámico que describe os procesos nun motor que consta dun compresor, unha cámara de combustión e un expansor, é chamado así en honor do enxeñeiro americano George Brayton (1830–1892).

Ciclo Brayton Ideal

O ciclo Brayton é un ciclo ideal, utilizado hoxe en día para unha aproximación dos procesos térmicos que ocorren nas turbinas a gas, describindo variacións de estado (presión e temperatura) dos gases. O concepto é utilizado como base didáctica e para análise dos ciclos reais, que se desvían do modelo ideal, debido a limitacións tecnolóxicas e fenómenos de irreversibilidade, como o atrito.

Diagrama Entalpia x Entropía de Ciclo Brayton (ideal) e ciclo real a gas.

O ciclo se constitúe de catro etapas. Primeiramente, o ar en condición ambiente pasa polo compresor, onde ocorre unha compresión adiabática e isentrópica, con aumento de temperatura e consecuente aumento de entalpía. Comprimido, o ar é dirixido ás cámaras, onde se mestura co combustíbel posibilitando a queima e quecemento, á presión constante. Ao saír da cámara de combustión, os gases, á alta presión e temperatura, se expanden conforme pasan pola turbina, idealmente sen variación de entropía. Na medida en que o fluído exerce traballo sobre as palletas, redúcense a presión e temperatura dos gases, xerándose potencia mecánica. A potencia extraída a través do eixe da turbina é usada para accionar o compresor e eventualmente para accionar outra máquina. A cuarta etapa non ocorre fisicamente, se tratando dun ciclo termodinámico aberto. Conceptualmente, esta etapa representa a transferencia de calor do fluído para o ambiente.

Desta forma, mesmo se tratando dun ciclo aberto, parte da enerxía proveniente da combustión é rexeitada so a forma de calor, contido nos gases quentes de escape. O rexeitamento de calor é un límite físico, intrínseco ao funcionamento de ciclos termodinámicos, mesmo nos casos ideais, como define a Segunda Lei da Termodinámica.

A perda de ciclo ideal pode ser cuantificada pola potencia proveniente do combustíbel, descontándose a potencia de accionamento do compresor e a potencia líquida. Así, diminúese a perda a medida que se reduce a temperatura de escape e se eleva a temperatura de entrada da turbina, o que fai da resistencia, a altas temperaturas, das partes da turbina un punto extremamente crítico na tecnoloxía de construción destes equipamentos.

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