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B2M
Estruturas dispoñibles
PDB	Buscar ortólogos: PDBe, RCSB Lista de códigos PDB 1A1M , 1A1N, 1A1O, 1A6Z, 1A9B, 1A9E, 1AGB, 1AGC, 1AGD, 1AGE, 1AGF, 1AKJ, 1AO7, 1B0G, 1B0R, 1BD2, 1C16, 1CE6, 1DE4, 1DUY, 1DUZ, 1E27, 1E28, 1EEY, 1EEZ, 1EFX, 1EXU, 1GZP, 1GZQ, 1HHG, 1HHH, 1HHI, 1HHJ, 1HHK, 1HLA, 1HSA, 1HSB, 1I1F, 1I1Y, 1I4F, 1I7R, 1I7T, 1I7U, 1IM3, 1IM9, 1JF1, 1JGD, 1JGE, 1JHT, 1JNJ, 1K5N, 1KPR, 1KTL, 1LDS, 1LP9, 1M05, 1M6O, 1MHE, 1MI5, 1OF2, 1OGA, 1OGT, 1ONQ, 1PY4, 1Q94, 1QEW, 1QLF, 1QQD, 1QR1, 1QRN, 1QSE, 1QSF, 1QVO, 1R3H, 1S9W, 1S9X, 1S9Y, 1SYS, 1SYV, 1TMC, 1TVB, 1TVH, 1UQS, 1UXS, 1UXW, 1VGK, 1W0V, 1W0W, 1W72, 1X7Q, 1XH3, 1XR8, 1XR9, 1XZ0, 1YDP, 1YPZ, 1ZHK, 1ZHL, 1ZS8, 1ZSD, 1ZT4, 1ZVS, 2A83, 2AK4, 2AV7, 2AXF, 2AXG, 2BCK, 2BNQ, 2BNR, 2BSR, 2BSS, 2BST, 2BVO, 2BVP, 2BVQ, 2C7U, 2CII, 2CIK, 2CLR, 2D31, 2D4D, 2D4F, 2DYP, 2E8D, 2ESV, 2F53, 2F54, 2F74, 2F8O, 2GIT, 2GJ6, 2GT9, 2GTW, 2GTZ, 2GUO, 2H26, 2H6P, 2HJL, 2HLA, 2HN7, 2J8U, 2JCC, 2NW3, 2NX5, 2P5E, 2P5W, 2PO6, 2PYE, 2RFX, 2UWE, 2V2W, 2V2X, 2VB5, 2VLJ, 2VLK, 2VLL, 2VLR, 2X4N, 2X4O, 2X4P, 2X4Q, 2X4R, 2X4S, 2X4T, 2X4U, 2X70, 2X89, 2XKS, 2XKU, 2XPG, 2YPK, 2YPL, 2YXF, 2Z9T, 3AM8, 3B3I, 3B6S, 3BGM, 3BH8, 3BH9, 3BHB, 3BO8, 3BP4, 3BP7, 3BVN, 3BW9, 3BWA, 3BXN, 3BZE, 3BZF, 3C9N, 3CDG, 3CII, 3CIQ, 3CZF, 3D18, 3D25, 3D2U, 3D39, 3D3V, 3DBX, 3DHJ, 3DHM, 3DTX, 3DXA, 3EKC, 3FFC, 3FQN, 3FQR, 3FQT, 3FQU, 3FQW, 3FQX, 3FT2, 3FT3, 3FT4, 3GIV, 3GJF, 3GSN, 3GSO, 3GSQ, 3GSR, 3GSU, 3GSV, 3GSW, 3GSX, 3H7B, 3H9H, 3H9S, 3HAE, 3HCV, 3HG1, 3HLA, 3HPJ, 3HUJ, 3I6G, 3I6K, 3I6L, 3IB4, 3IXA, 3JTS, 3KLA, 3KPO, 3KPR, 3KPS, 3KWW, 3KXF, 3KYN, 3KYO, 3L3D, 3L3G, 3L3I, 3L3J, 3L3K, 3LKN, 3LKO, 3LKP, 3LKQ, 3LKR, 3LKS, 3LN4, 3LN5, 3LOW, 3LV3, 3M17, 3M1B, 3MGO, 3MGT, 3MR9, 3MRB, 3MRC, 3MRD, 3MRE, 3MRF, 3MRG, 3MRH, 3MRI, 3MRJ, 3MRK, 3MRL, 3MRM, 3MRN, 3MRO, 3MRP, 3MRQ, 3MRR, 3MV7, 3MV8, 3MV9, 3MYJ, 3MYZ, 3MZT, 3NA4, 3NFN, 3O3A, 3O3B, 3O3D, 3O3E, 3O4L, 3OX8, 3OXR, 3OXS, 3PWJ, 3PWL, 3PWN, 3PWP, 3QDA, 3QDG, 3QDJ, 3QDM, 3QEQ, 3QFD, 3QFJ, 3QZW, 3RL1, 3RWJ, 3S6C, 3SDX, 3SJV, 3SKM, 3SKO, 3SPV, 3T8X, 3TID, 3TIE, 3TLR, 3TM6, 3TO2, 3TZV, 3U0P, 3UPR, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V5D, 3V5H, 3V5K, 3VCL, 3VFR, 3VFS, 3VFT, 3VFU, 3VFV, 3VFW, 3VH8, 3VRI, 3VRJ, 3VWJ, 3VWK, 3W39, 4E0K, 4E0L, 4E5X, 4EN3, 4EUP, 4F7M, 4F7P, 4F7T, 4FTV, 4FXL, 4G8G, 4G8I, 4G9D, 4G9F, 4GKS, 4GUP, 4HKJ, 4I4W, 4JFD, 4JFE, 4JFF, 4JFO, 4JFP, 4JFQ, 4JQX, 4JRX, 4JRY, 4K7F, 4KDT, 4L4T, 4L4V, 1CG9, 1N2R, 1P7Q, 1S8D, 1T1W, 1T1X, 1T1Y, 1T1Z, 1T20, 1T21, 1T22, 2AV1, 2FYY, 2FZ3, 2HJK, 3DX6, 3DX7, 3DX8, 3KPL, 3KPM, 3KPN, 3KPP, 3KPQ, 3LOZ, 3OV6, 3REW, 3RL2, 3VXM, 3VXN, 3VXO, 3VXP, 3VXR, 3VXS, 3VXU, 3W0W, 3WL9, 3WLB, 3WUW, 3X11, 3X12, 3X13, 3X14, 4GKN, 4HWZ, 4HX1, 4I48, 4K71, 4L29, 4L3C, 4L3E, 4LCW, 4LCY, 4LHU, 4LNR, 4M8V, 4MJ5, 4MJ6, 4MJI, 4MNQ, 4N0F, 4N0U, 4N8V, 4NNX, 4NNY, 4NO0, 4NO2, 4NO3, 4NO5, 4NQC, 4NQD, 4NQE, 4NQV, 4NQX, 4NT6, 4O2C, 4O2E, 4O2F, 4ONO, 4PJ5, 4PJ7, 4PJ8, 4PJ9, 4PJA, 4PJB, 4PJC, 4PJD, 4PJE, 4PJF, 4PJG, 4PJH, 4PJI, 4PJX, 4PR5, 4PRA, 4PRB, 4PRD, 4PRE, 4PRH, 4PRI, 4PRN, 4PRP, 4QOK, 4QRP, 4QRQ, 4QRR, 4QRS, 4QRT, 4QRU, 4U1H, 4U1I, 4U1J, 4U1K, 4U1L, 4U1M, 4U1N, 4U1S, 4U6X, 4U6Y, 4UQ2, 4UQ3, 4WJ5, 4WO4, 4WU5, 4WU7, 4X6C, 4X6D, 4X6E, 4X6F, 4XXC, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 4R9H, 4RA3, 4RAH, 5D2L, 5D2N, 4WW2, 5DEG, 4RMT, 5DEF, 4RMW, 4RMV, 4RMR, 5D7J, 4RMQ, 4RMS, 4WWK, 5BXF, 5D5M, 5D7L, 4RMU, 4WUU, 5D7I, 5EU5, 5EO0, 5EO1, 5EU4, 5BRZ, 5EU6, 5BS0, 5EU3, 5C9J, 5D9S, 5HGA, 5C0D, 5C0B, 5C0I, 5C0A, 5B38, 5E9D, 5B39, 5C0H, 5HHN, 5HGD, 5C08, 5CFH, 5CKG, 4ZEZ, 5C0C, 5HGH, 5C0J, 5HHQ, 5DDH, 5HHM, 5HGB, 5C09, 5HYJ, 5CKA, 5C07, 5HHP, 5C0G, 5C0F, 5HHO, 5C0E ;
Identificadores
Nomenclatura	Outros nomes entrez:567, IMD43, beta-2-microglobulin, Β2 microglobulin ;
Identificadores; externos	OMIM: 109700 ; MGI: 88127 ; HomoloGene: 2987 ; GeneCards: Xene 567;
Locus	Cr. 15 q21.1
Ontoloxía Xénica	Referencias: AmiGO / QuickGO
	Referencias: AmiGO / QuickGO
Padrón de expresión de ARNm
	Máis información
Ortólogos
Especies
Humano	Rato
Entrez
567	12010
Ensembl
Véxase HS	Véxase MM
UniProt
P61769	P01887
RefSeq; (ARNm)
NM_004048	NM_009735
RefSeq; (proteína) NCBI
NP_004039	NP_033865
Localización (UCSC)
Cr. 15:; 44.71 – 44.72 Mb	Cr. 2:; 122.15 – 122.15 Mb
PubMed (Busca)
567 ;	12010

A β₂ microglobulina, tamén coñecida como B2M, é unha proteína compoñente das moléculas MHC de clase I. As moléculas MHC de clase I constan das proteínas α₁, α₂ e α₃, que están presentes en todas as células nucleadas (isto exclúe os glóbulos vermellos do sangue).^[1]^[2] Nos humanos, a β₂ microglobulina^[3] está codificada no xene B2M situado no cromosoma 15.^[2]^[4]

Estrutura e función

A β₂ microglobulina sitúase ao lado da cadea α₃ na superficie da célula. A diferenza da α₃, a β₂non ten rexión transmembrana. A cadea α₁ encóntrase directamente sobre a β₂ (é dicir, a maior distancia da superficie celular), e está ao lado da α₂.

A β₂ microglobulina asóciase non só coa cadea alfa das moléculas MHC de clase I, senón tamén con moléculas similares ás de clase I como CD1 (5 xenes en humanos), MR1, o receptor Fc neonatal (FcRn) e Qa-1 (unha forma de aloantíxeno). Non obstante, o xene da β₂ microglobulina está situado fóra do locus MHC (HLA) e nun cromosoma diferente.

Unha función adicional é a asociación coa proteína HFE, para regularen xuntas a expresión da hepcidina no fígado, que ten como diana o transportador de ferro ferroportina na membrana basolateral dos enterocitos e a membrana plasmática dos macrófagos orixinando a degradación da ferroportina, o que ten como resultado un decrecemento na captación de ferro da comida e unha diminución da liberación de ferro a partir de glóbulos vermellos reciclados no sistema fagocítico mononuclear, respectivamente. A perda desta función causa que haxa un exceso de ferro e hemocromatose.^[5]

Na infección por citomegalovirus, unha proteína a viral únese á β₂ microglobulina, impedindo a ensamblaxe de moléculas do MHC de clase I e o seu transporte á membrana plasmática.

Preparáronse modelos de ratos deficientes no xene da β₂ microglobulina. Estes ratos demostran que cómpre a β₂ microglobulina para a expresión na superficie celular de MHC de clase I e a estabilidade da fenda onde se une o péptido. De feito, en ausencia de β₂ microglobulina, só poden detectarse cantidades moi limitadas de moléculas do MHC de clase I (clásicas e non clásicas) na superficie (síndrome do linfocito nu).

Importancia clínica

En pacientes sometidos a hemodiálise a longo prazo, pode agregarse en fibras amiloides que se depositan en diversos compartimentos corporais, unha doenza coñecida como amiloidose relacionada coa diálise.

Baixos niveis de β₂ microglobulina poden indicar unha non progesión da infección por VIH.^[6]

Os niveis de β₂ microglobulina poden estar elevados no mieloma múltiple e linfoma, aínda que neses casos a amiloidose primaria e a secundaria son máis comúns. O valor normal da β₂ microglobulina é < 2 mg/L.^[7] Os tests de diagnóstico para o mieloma múltiple inclúen medir o nivel de β₂ microglobulina, porque este nivel é un importante indicador de diagnóstico. En 2011 detrerminouse que un paciente cun nivel < 4 mg/L espérase que teña unha supervivencia media de 43 meses, mentres que outro cun nivel > 4 mg/L ten unha supervivencia media de só 12 meses.^[8] Porén, os niveis de β₂ microglobulina non poden distinguir entre a gammapatía monoclonal de importancia non determinada (MGUS, do inglés monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), que ten un mellor prognóstico, e o mieloma de baixo grao.^[9]^[10]

Detectáronse mutacións de perda de función no xene B2M en pacientees de cancro que non responden a inmunoterapias.^[11]

Notas

↑ "Entrez Gene: Beta-2-microglobulin".
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Güssow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I, Hochstenbach F, Seemann G, Kottman A, Ploegh HL (novembro de 1987). "The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit". Journal of Immunology 139 (9): 3132–8. PMID 3312414.
↑ Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA (novembro de 1973). "The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin". Biochemistry 12 (24): 4811–22. PMID 4586824. doi:10.1021/bi00748a001.
↑ Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K (novembro de 1981). "Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78 (11): 6613–7. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.6613S. PMC 349099. PMID 6171820. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613.
↑ Hundall SD (2011). "Chapter 3: Iron, Heme, and Hemoglobin". Hematology: A Pathophysiologic Approach (1st ed.). pp. 17–25. ISBN 978-0-323-04311-3.
↑ G A Garden, G B Moss, W Emonyi, J Bwayo, P Velentgas, J Kreiss. Beta-2 microglobulin as a marker of HIV disease status in Nairobi, Kenya. Int J STD AIDS. Jan-Feb 1993;4(1):49-51. doi: 10.1177/095646249300400110. [1]
↑ Pignone M, Nicoll D; McPhee SJ (2004). Pocket guide to diagnostic tests (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 191. ISBN 0-07-141184-4.
↑ Munshi NC, Longo DL, Anderson KC (2011). "Chapter 111: Plasma Cell Disorders". En Loscalzo J, Longo DL, Fauci AS, Dennis LK, Hauser SL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 936–44. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
↑ Rajkumar SV (2005). "MGUS and smoldering multiple myeloma: update on pathogenesis, natural history, and management". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2005: 340–5. PMID 16304401. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.340.
↑ Bataille R, Klein B (novembro de 1992). "Serum levels of beta 2 microglobulin and interleukin-6 to differentiate monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood 80 (9): 2433–4. PMID 1421418. doi:10.1182/blood.V80.9.2433.2433.
↑ Moshe Sade-Feldman, Yunxin J. Jiao, […]Nir Hacohen. Resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy through inactivation of antigen presentation. Nature Communications volume 8, Article number: 1136 (2017). [2]

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

Huang WC, Havel JJ, Zhau HE, Qian WP, Lue HW, Chu CY, et al. (setembro de 2008). "Beta2-microglobulin signaling blockade inhibited androgen receptor axis and caused apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells". Clinical Cancer Research 14 (17): 5341–7. PMC 3032570. PMID 18765525. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0793.
Huang WC, Wu D, Xie Z, Zhau HE, Nomura T, Zayzafoon M, et al. (setembro de 2006). "beta2-microglobulin is a signaling and growth-promoting factor for human prostate cancer bone metastasis". Cancer Research 66 (18): 9108–16. PMID 16982753. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1996.
Winchester JF, Salsberg JA, Levin NW (outubro de 2003). "Beta-2 microglobulin in ESRD: an in-depth review". Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy 10 (4): 279–309. PMID 14681859. doi:10.1053/j.arrt.2003.11.003.
Krangel MS, Orr HT, Strominger JL (decembro de 1979). "Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo". Cell 18 (4): 979–91. PMID 93026. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90210-1.
Okon M, Bray P, Vucelić D (setembro de 1992). "1H NMR assignments and secondary structure of human beta 2-microglobulin in solution". Biochemistry 31 (37): 8906–15. PMID 1390678. doi:10.1021/bi00152a030.
Guo HC, Jardetzky TS, Garrett TP, Lane WS, Strominger JL, Wiley DC (novembro de 1992). "Different length peptides bind to HLA-Aw68 similarly at their ends but bulge out in the middle". Nature 360 (6402): 364–6. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..364G. PMID 1448153. doi:10.1038/360364a0.
Gattoni-Celli S, Kirsch K, Timpane R, Isselbacher KJ (marzo de 1992). "Beta 2-microglobulin gene is mutated in a human colon cancer cell line (HCT) deficient in the expression of HLA class I antigens on the cell surface". Cancer Research 52 (5): 1201–4. PMID 1737380.
Saper MA, Bjorkman PJ, Wiley DC (maio de 1991). "Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-A2 at 2.6 A resolution". Journal of Molecular Biology 219 (2): 277–319. PMID 2038058. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90567-P.
Caruana RJ, Lobel SA, Leffell MS, Campbell H, Cheek PL (decembro de 1990). "Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and beta 2-microglobulin levels in chronic hemodialysis patients". The International Journal of Artificial Organs 13 (12): 794–8. PMID 2289831. doi:10.1177/039139889001301205.
Connors LH, Shirahama T, Skinner M, Fenves A, Cohen AS (setembro de 1985). "In vitro formation of amyloid fibrils from intact beta 2-microglobulin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 131 (3): 1063–8. PMID 2413854. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(85)90198-6.
Hochman JH, Shimizu Y, DeMars R, Edidin M (abril de 1988). "Specific associations of fluorescent beta-2-microglobulin with cell surfaces. The affinity of different H-2 and HLA antigens for beta-2-microglobulin". Journal of Immunology 140 (7): 2322–9. PMID 2450918.
Homma N, Gejyo F, Isemura M, Arakawa M (1989). "Collagen-binding affinity of beta-2-microglobulin, a preprotein of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis". Nephron 53 (1): 37–40. PMID 2674742. doi:10.1159/000185699.
Bataille R, Grenier J, Commes T (1988). "In vitro production of beta 2 microglobulin by human myeloma cells". Cancer Investigation 6 (3): 271–7. PMID 3048575. doi:10.3109/07357908809080649.
Hönig R, Marsen T, Schad S, Barth C, Pollok M, Baldamus CA (novembro de 1988). "Correlation of beta-2-microglobulin concentration changes to changes of distribution volume". The International Journal of Artificial Organs 11 (6): 459–64. PMID 3060434.
Bjorkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B, Bennett WS, Strominger JL, Wiley DC (1987). "Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2". Nature 329 (6139): 506–12. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..506B. PMID 3309677. doi:10.1038/329506a0.
Güssow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I, Hochstenbach F, Seemann G, Kottman A, Ploegh HL (novembro de 1987). "The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit". Journal of Immunology 139 (9): 3132–8. PMID 3312414.
Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA (novembro de 1973). "The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin". Biochemistry 12 (24): 4811–22. PMID 4586824. doi:10.1021/bi00748a001.
Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K (novembro de 1981). "Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78 (11): 6613–7. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.6613S. PMC 349099. PMID 6171820. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613.
Momoi T, Suzuki M, Titani K, Hisanaga S, Ogawa H, Saito A (maio de 1995). "Amino acid sequence of a modified beta 2-microglobulin in renal failure patient urine and long-term dialysis patient blood". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 236 (2): 135–44. PMID 7554280. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(95)06039-G.
Collins EJ, Garboczi DN, Karpusas MN, Wiley DC (febreiro de 1995). "The three-dimensional structure of a class I major histocompatibility complex molecule missing the alpha 3 domain of the heavy chain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (4): 1218–21. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.1218C. PMC 42670. PMID 7862664. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1218.
Matoba R, Okubo K, Hori N, Fukushima A, Matsubara K (setembro de 1994). "The addition of 5'-coding information to a 3'-directed cDNA library improves analysis of gene expression". Gene 146 (2): 199–207. PMID 8076819. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90293-3.
Wang Z, Cao Y, Albino AP, Zeff RA, Houghton A, Ferrone S (febreiro de 1993). "Lack of HLA class I antigen expression by melanoma cells SK-MEL-33 caused by a reading frameshift in beta 2-microglobulin messenger RNA". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 91 (2): 684–92. PMC 288010. PMID 8432869. doi:10.1172/JCI116249.

Ligazóns externas

beta 2-Microglobulin Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) na Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos EUA.
Localización no xenoma humano de B2M e páxina con detalles sobre o xene B2M no UCSC Genome Browser.
Relación de toda a información estrutural dispoñible en PDB para UniProt: P61769 (Beta-2 microglobulin) en PDBe-KB.

[entrez_567-1] "Entrez Gene: Beta-2-microglobulin".

[pmid3312414-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Güssow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I, Hochstenbach F, Seemann G, Kottman A, Ploegh HL (novembro de 1987). "The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit". Journal of Immunology 139 (9): 3132–8. PMID 3312414.

[pmid4586824-3] Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA (novembro de 1973). "The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin". Biochemistry 12 (24): 4811–22. PMID 4586824. doi:10.1021/bi00748a001.

[pmid6171820-4] Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K (novembro de 1981). "Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78 (11): 6613–7. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.6613S. PMC 349099. PMID 6171820. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613.

[5] Hundall SD (2011). "Chapter 3: Iron, Heme, and Hemoglobin". Hematology: A Pathophysiologic Approach (1st ed.). pp. 17–25. ISBN 978-0-323-04311-3.

[6] G A Garden, G B Moss, W Emonyi, J Bwayo, P Velentgas, J Kreiss. Beta-2 microglobulin as a marker of HIV disease status in Nairobi, Kenya. Int J STD AIDS. Jan-Feb 1993;4(1):49-51. doi: 10.1177/095646249300400110. [1]

[isbn0-07-141184-4-7] Pignone M, Nicoll D; McPhee SJ (2004). Pocket guide to diagnostic tests (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 191. ISBN 0-07-141184-4.

[isbn0-07-174889-X-8] Munshi NC, Longo DL, Anderson KC (2011). "Chapter 111: Plasma Cell Disorders". En Loscalzo J, Longo DL, Fauci AS, Dennis LK, Hauser SL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 936–44. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.

[9] Rajkumar SV (2005). "MGUS and smoldering multiple myeloma: update on pathogenesis, natural history, and management". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2005: 340–5. PMID 16304401. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.340.

[10] Bataille R, Klein B (novembro de 1992). "Serum levels of beta 2 microglobulin and interleukin-6 to differentiate monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood 80 (9): 2433–4. PMID 1421418. doi:10.1182/blood.V80.9.2433.2433.

[11] Moshe Sade-Feldman, Yunxin J. Jiao, […]Nir Hacohen. Resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy through inactivation of antigen presentation. Nature Communications volume 8, Article number: 1136 (2017). [2]

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