Turkana (langue)

Page d’aide sur l’homonymie

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Turkana.

Turkana
ŋa-tùrkwanà
Pays Kenya, Éthiopie
Région Lac Turkana
Nombre de locuteurs 476 200[1]
Classification par famille
Étendue langue individuelle
Type langue vivante
modifier 

Le turkana est une langue nilo-saharienne de la branche des langues nilotiques parlée dans l'Est et le Nord-Ouest du Kenya dans une région s'étendant de la frontière ougandaise au lac Turkana par les Turkana. Un groupe plus réduit vit en Éthiopie.

Les Turkana

Les locuteurs se désignent eux-mêmes par le nom de ŋi-tùrk(w)anà et appellent la langue ŋa-tùrk(w)anà. Les Turkana nomment leur territoire Tùrk(w)an ̀[2].

Classification

Le turkana est une langue nilo-saharienne classée dans le sous-groupe oriental des langues nilotiques. Il est proche du teso.

Écriture

Alphabet turkana[3]
a b c d e g i j k l m n ng ny o p r s t u w y z

Phonologie

Les tableaux présentent les voyelles[4] et les consonnes[5] du turkana.

Voyelles

Antérieure Centrale Postérieure
Fermée i [i]
ɪ [ɪ] 		u [u]
ʊ [ʊ]
Moyenne e [e]
ɛ [ɛ] 		o [o]
ɔ [ɔ]
Ouverte a [a]

Deux types de voyelles

Le turkana, comme de nombreuses langues nilo-sahariennes, différencie les voyelles selon leur lieu d'articulation. Elles sont soit prononcées avec l'avancement de la racine de la langue, soit avec la rétraction de la racine de la langue[6].

Les voyelles avec avancement de la racine de la langue sont [ɪ], [ɛ], [ɔ], [ʊ].

Les voyelles avec la rétraction de la racine de la langue sont [i], [e], [o], [a], [u].

Consonnes

Labiales Dentales Alvéolaires Latérales Dorsales
Palatales Vélaires
Occlusives Sourde p [p] t [t̪] k [k]
Sonore b [b] d [d̪] g [g]
Fricative s [s]
Affriquée Sourde c [t͡ʃ]
Sonore j [d͡ʒ]
Nasale m [m] n [n] ɲ [ɲ] ŋ [ŋ]
liquide r [r] l [l]
Semi-voyelle w [w] y [j]

Une langue tonale

Le turkana est une langue tonale.

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Selon Ethnologue.com
  2. ↑ Dimmendaal, 1983, p. 1.
  3. ↑ Lettres utilisées dans la Bible en turkana publiée par la Bible Society of Kenya en 2001 (ISBN 9789966480989).
  4. ↑ Dimmendaal, 1983, p. 17.
  5. ↑ Dimmendaal, 1983, p. 7.
  6. ↑ Le terme anglais est +ATR ou -ATR (Advanced Tongue Root).

Sources

  • (en) Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan, The Turkana Language, Publications in African Languages and Linguistics 2, Dordrecht, Foris Publications, 1983 (ISBN 90 70176 82 3)
  • (en) Voßen, Rainer, The Eastern Nilotes. Linguistics and Historical Reconstructions, Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik n° 9, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1982 (ISBN 3-496-00698-6)

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