Langues oti-volta

Oti–volta
Pays Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana, Bénin
Région Burkina Faso, nord du Ghana, nord du Togo & nord du Bénin
Nombre de locuteurs 12 millions
Classification par famille
Codes de langue
Glottolog otiv1239

Les langues oti–volta forment un sous-groupe des langues gour, comprenant environ 30 langues du nord du Ghana, du Bénin et du Burkina Faso parlées par douze millions de personnes. La langue la plus parlée est le mòoré, la langue nationale du Burkina Faso, parlée par cinq millions de personnes, y compris dans le nord du Togo et du Ghana (dialecte Yanga). Les langues oti–volta bénéficient d'une bonne intelligibilité mutuelle.

La famille est dénommée d'après les rivières Oti et Volta.

Langues

Carte des langues oti-volta, en vert sur la carte.

La classification interne des langues oti–volta, a été élaborée par Gabriel Manessy (en) 1975–79 (Williamson & Blench, 2000) comme suit :

oti–volta 

buli–koma : buli, konni




Ouest (somba) : biali, mbelime, tammari (ditammari), waama



Est
(mole–dagbani) 

nootre (en)



Nord-Ouest : mòoré, frafra, safaliba, wali (en), dagaarebirifor



Sud-Est : dagbani, hanga, kamara, kusaal, mampruli, kantosi (en)





gurma : ngangam, gourmanchéma, moba (bimoba), ntcham (akaselem), nateni, miyobe, konkomba



yom–nawdm : nawdm, yom






Le proto-oti–volta

Le proto-oti–volta peut être reconstitué. Le tableau présente son lexique selon Gabriel Manessy (en)[1] :

français proto-oti-volta
abeille *s₃e / *s₃i
acheter *da
s'agenouiller *gban
aller *to; *cen
ami *do
âne *bon
année *bɪn
appeler *yi / *yu
arbre *yi / tiː
arc *ta / *tam / *to / *tom
argile *ya / *yag / *yog
s'asseoir *kal
attacher *bo / *bob; *lod
attraper *mo; *ku
aujourd'hui *din / *den
autre *to / ta
aveugle *z₂om / *z₂oːm
babouin *kpad
bague *bɪ; *ɲoːgm
balai *s₁a / *s₁aː
balayer *pɪ
baobab *to / *toː / *tod / *toːd; *te / *teː
battre *bʊ; *po
blanc *peː
bœuf *na / *nag
boire *ɲu
bois *da / *do
bouche *noː
bracelet *ban / *baːn
bras *ba / *bag; *kpan
brasser *s₁a
brousse *mo
brûler *ɲo
caïlcédrat *kʊg
calebasse *ŋman; *wam
calebasse (plante) *tun
carquois *lo
cauri *li / *lig
ceinture *s₂a / *s₂e
cendre *ta / *to
cent *ko / *kob
chanter *yum / *yi
chaud *tʊ / *to
chemin *s₃o
chèvre *bʊː / *bʊd
chien *ba / *bo / *bu
ciel *ta / *to; *s₂a
cinq *nu
construire *ma / *me
corde *ŋmi
corne *ŋi / *ŋin
coucher *do / *doː / *don / *doːn
coudre *s₁e
couper *ce
courber *go
couvrir *pi
crapaud *pon
creuser *tu
crocodile *ɲa; *ya
cuisse *kpe
cul *mu(?); *ni
danser *s₁e / *s₁a; ŋa
déféquer *n / (?); *ɲa / *ɲo / *ɲi
demain *s₁i / *s₁u / *s₁a
dent *n / n
descendre *s₁i
deux *le
devin *bo
Diospyros *ga
dire *bi; *tʊg; *s₁e / *s₁o; *we
dix *pi / *pu
dolo *daːm
donner *pa; *tɪ
dormir *go
dos *poː
eau *ɲa
écorce *wa / *we / *wo
écouter *wʊm
emplir *s₁u (?)
enfant *bi
entraver *da / *deg
esclave *yam / *yom
éternuer *ki
étranger *s₂an
excrément *bin
faim *ko
faire *ŋa
farine *z₁o / *z₁u
femelle *ni; *ɲan
femelle neuve *s₁e / *s₁ad
femme *po / *pu
fer *kud
fermer / ouvrir *ŋu
feuille *va
ficher *kpa
Ficus *kankam
fiel, hile *ya
flèche *piːm / *peːm
fleur *pu / *puː
force *fa
forgeron *mad
frère aîné *ma
froid *wa
fromager *gʊm
front *tin / *tun
garder *cem / *cim
gauche *ga
genou *dun
gombo *man
graisse *kpa
grand, gros *kpe
grand parent *ya
grenier *bo
hache *la; *kpen / *kpon / *kpan
haricot *tu / *tun
hippopotame *ŋem
huit *nan / *nin / *ni
igname *nu / *no
intelligence *yam
jambe *ta
jeune *pa
joue *ya; *kpi / *kpe; *tan
jour *da
kapokier *vo
karité *tam; kpi
labourer *kpa; *ko
lance *kpan
langue *lɪm / *lam; *z₂ɪ(?)
se laver *s₁o
se lever *ŋis / *ŋig
lézard *bun
lièvre *s₁om / *s₁um
long *ve / *vo
louche *pi / *pu
lune *ci; *ŋmad
main *nu / *na / *ni
maison *de / *di / *do
maladie *ba / *be / *bu
mâle *da
malt *kpa
manger *dɪ
mari *s₂ɪd / *s₂od
marigot, rivière *bo
mauvais *beː
médecine *tɪ
mère *ɲa / *ɲo; ne / na
meule *na
mil *z₁o
mil hâtif *nad
milieu *s₁u / *s₁i
mille *tus
molette *bi
montagne *ta
monter *dʊ; *z₂o
mordre *dʊm; *ɲe / *ɲi
mortier *te / *toː
morve *me
mouche *z₂u / *z₂un
mourir *ku; *kpi
moustique *dum
mouton *pe
natte *s₁on
néré *dʊ
neuf *wa
nez *me
noir *s₁ob
nom *yi / *yʊ
nouveau *pa
nuage *wad
œil *ni / *nun
œuf *je
oiseau *nin / *non
oreille *tʊ
os *kob; *kpab
palmier *kpa / *kpe
peau *gban
père *te; *ba
personne *nɪ; *ɲɪ
petit *bil
phacochère *doː
pied *na
piler *to
pilon *ton / *ten / *tin
pintade *kpan
pleurer *we / *wi
poil *kob
poisson *z₂ɪm / *z₂ʊm
porc-épic *s₁aːm / *s₁eːm
porter (sur la tête) *tʊg
posséder *s₂a
possesseur *ti
pot *s₂o / *s₂a / *s₂e; *bo
potasse *z₂em
poule *ko
poumon *fu
préparer le to *mon
puits, point d'eau *bu
quatre *naː / nasi (?)
queue *z₂u
racine *ɲa / *ɲe
rat *yu / *yo
rentrer chez soi *ku
respirer *vʊ
rêver *da
rire *la
riz *mu
rosée *ma
rôtir *vu
rouge *mo
rouler *bil
sable *bi
sandale *tag
sang *z₁ɪm
sauce *kpun
savon *ce
scorpion *nam
sec *ko / *ku
sein *bɪː / *bɪːs
sel *ya
semer en poquets *bʊd
semer à la volée *pag
serpent *wa
singe *wan; *ŋman
soleil *wɪn; *ye / *yi
sortie *ye / *yi
soumbala *z₂on
sourd *wʊm
sourd-muet *mu
se taire *sin
tamarin *pu
tambour *gangan; *ben / *bin; *lom
termite *tu
terre *tan / *tɪn
tête *z₁u
tige de mil *kan
tirer (à l'arc) *to / *ta
to *s₃aː
tomate *kʊ / *ka
tomber *le / *lo / *lu
tordre *ŋma / *ŋme
tortue *kud
tousser *ko
travailler *tʊ
trois *ta
tuer *kʊ
un *yen; *be / *ba
varan *wʊ
vautour *yob
veine *giː; *je / *ji
vendre *koː
vent *vad
ventre *pʊː
viande *nam
vieux *kpe
visage *nɪn / *nun
Vitex *ŋa
voir *ɲa; *wa / *wi
voler, dérober *z₁u

Notes et références

  1. Manessy, Gabriel. 1975. Les Langues Oti-Volta. (Langues et Civilisations a Tradition Orale, 15.) Paris: SELAF (Société d'Études Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France).

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