Solvayn menetelmä

Solvayn menetelmä

Solvayn menetelmä (tai Solvayn soodaprosessi) on nykyaikainen menetelmä, jolla tuotetaan natriumkarbonaattia eli soodaa. Solvayn menetelmän kehitti belgialainen kemisti Ernest Solvay vuonna 1865.

Solvayn menetelmässä kylläiseen natriumkloridiliuokseen johdetaan ammoniakkia ja hiilidioksidia.

NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

Reaktiotuotteina saadaan natriumvetykarbonaattia ja ammoniumkloridia. Sakkaa kuumentamalla natriumvetykarbonaatti hajoaa, jolloin saadaan natriumkarbonaattia, hiilidioksidia ja vettä:

2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O


Muita menetelmiä

Ennen Solvayn menetelmää natriumkarbonaattia tuotettiin merilevien tuhkasta uuttamalla. Menetelmä ei kuitenkaan ollut riittävän tehokas tuottaakseen saippuan valmistuksessa tarvittavan soodan. Niinpä Ranskan tiedeakatemia lupasi vuonna 1775 huomattavan palkinnon sille, joka keksisi menetelmän natriumkarbonaatin valmistamiseksi natriumkloridista.

Ranskalainen kemisti Nicolas Leblanc keksi menetelmän vuonna 1790. Menetelmässä natriumkloridia käsiteltiin rikkihapolla, jolloin saatiin natriumsulfaattia. Näin saatua natriumsulfaattia kuumennettiin hiilen ja kalsiumkarbonaatin kanssa, jolloin saatiin natriumkarbonaattia.[1]

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