Fraunhoferin viivat

Fraunhoferin viivat ovat sarja spektriviivoja, jotka on nimetty saksalaisen fyysikon Joseph von Fraunhoferin (1787–1826) mukaan.[1] Ne havaittiin alun perin absorptioviivoina auringon värispektrissä.

Fraunhoferin viivoja spektrissä
Fraunhoferin viivoja spektrissä

Englantilainen kemisti William Hyde Wollaston oli vuonna 1802 ensimmäinen, joka havaitsi Auringon spektrissä tummia viivoja. Vuonna 1814 myös Fraunhofer löysi ne itsenäisesti, ja aloitti systemaattisen tutkimuksen sekä viivojen aallonpituuden huolellisen mittauksen. Kaiken kaikkiaan hän kartoitti yli 570 viivaa, ja nimesi vahvimmat kirjaimilla A:sta K:hon. Nykyisellä tekniikalla auringonvalosta voidaan havaita useita tuhansia viivoja.

Gustaf Kirchhoff ja Robert Bunsen totesivat 45 vuotta myöhemmin, että jokaiseen alkuaineeseen liittyivät tietyt spektriviivat, ja päättelivät, että aukot Auringon spektrissä johtuivat näiden aineiden aiheuttamasta absorptiosta Auringon ylimmissä kerroksissa kuten fotosfäärissä. Jotkut Auringon spektrin aukoista johtuvat myös hapen aiheuttamasta absorptiosta maan ilmakehässä.

Fraunhoferin viivojen avulla tähtitieteilijät ovat saaneet paljon tietoa Auringon sisälämpötilasta ja kemiallisesta koostumuksesta. Muita tähtiä voidaan myös tarkastella niiden spektreihin piirtyneitä absorptioviivoja. Tutkimalla niiden samalaisuuksia ja erilaisuuksia Fraunhoferin viivoihin, tähdistä voidaan sanoa kuinka samankaltaisia ne ovat Aurinkomme kanssa.

Merkinnät

Suurimmat Fraunhofferin viivat, sekä aineet josta ne muodostuvat, löytyvät alla olevasta taulukosta:

Merkintä Aine Aallonpituus (nm)
y O2 898.765
Z O2 822.696
A O2 759.370
B O2 686.719
C Hα 656.281
a O2 627.661
D1 Na 589.592
D2 Na 588.995
D3 tai d He 587.5618
e Hg 546.073
E2 Fe 527.039
b1 Mg 518.362
b2 Mg 517.270
b3 Fe 516.891
b4 Mg 516.733
Merkintä Aine Aallonpituus (nm)
c Fe 495.761
F Hβ 486.134
d Fe 466.814
e Fe 438.355
G' Hγ 434.047
G Fe 430.790
G Ca 430.774
h Hδ 410.175
H Ca+ 396.847
K Ca+ 393.366
L Fe 382.044
N Fe 358.121
P Ti+ 336.112
T Fe 302.108
t Ni 299.444

Lähteet

  1. ↑ Karttunen, Hannu: Vanhin tiede – Tähtitiedettä kivikaudesta kuulentoihin, s. 427. ("Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826)") Helsinki: Ursa, 2003. ISBN 978-952-5329-26-1

Aiheesta muualla

  • Karttunen, Hannu: Vanhin tiede – Tähtitiedettä kivikaudesta kuulentoihin, s. 509. ("William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828)") Helsinki: Ursa, 2003. ISBN 978-952-5329-26-1

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