Trenbide-garraio

Tren bat Alaskan, petrolioa garraiatzen.

Trenbide-garraioa trenbideetan zirkulatzen duten gurpildun ibilgailuak erabiltzen dituen garraiobidea da, normalki altzairuzko bi errail paraleloren gainean[1]. Trenbide-garraioa Lurreko bi garraiobide nagusietako bat da, errepide-garraioarekin batera. Mundu osoko bidaiarien eta merkantzien garraioaren %8 ingururako erabiltzen da[2], eraginkortasun energetikoari eta abiadura potentzialki handiari esker.

Errailen gaineko material birakariak errepideko ibilgailuek pneumatikoen gainean baino erresistentzia txikiagoa izaten du marruskadurarekiko, eta, horri esker, bagoiak tren luzeagoetan akopla daitezke. Lokomotorak dieselak edo elektrikoak izan ohi dira. Trenbide-garraioak kapital handia behar duen arren eta errepideko garraioa bezain malgua ez den arren, bidaiari- eta merkantzia-karga handiak garraia ditzake, eraginkortasun energetiko eta segurtasun handiagoarekin.

Antzinatik dira gizakien edo animalien trakzioko trenen aitzindariak, baina trenbideko garraio modernoa Britainia Handian lurrun-trena asmatu zenean hasi zen, 1800 aldera. Bidaiarientzako lehen trena, Stockton and Darlington burdinbidea, 1825ean inauguratu zen. Europan eta Ipar Amerikan trenbidea azkar hedatu zen, 1830ean Ingalaterrako lehen hiriarteko konexioa inauguratu ondoren, eta Industria Iraultzaren funtsezko osagaia izan zen. Trenbide-garraioa ezartzeak bidalketa-kostuak murriztu zituen, ur bidezko garraioarekin alderatuta. Horren ondorioz, "merkatu nazionalak" sortu ziren, eta prezioak ez ziren aldatzen hiri batetik bestera.

1880ko hamarkadan hasi zen trenbide-elektrifikazioa tranbiekin eta zirkulazio azkarreko sistemekin. 1940ko hamarkadatik aurrera, lurrunezko tren-makinen ordez diesel tren-makinak jarri ziren. Abiadura handiko lehen tren-sistema 1964an sartu zen Japonian, eta gaur egun abiadura handiko lineek Europako, Ekialdeko Asiako eta Estatu Batuetako hiri asko lotzen dituzte. Automobilaren eta hegazkinaren lehiagatik gainbehera txiki bat izan ondoren, trenbideko garraioa suspertu egin da azken hamarkadetan, errepideetako auto-pilaketagatik eta erregaiaren prezioak igotzeagatik, bai eta gobernuek trenbidean egindako inbertsioengatik ere, CO2 emisioak murrizteko.

Erreferentziak

  1. ↑ (Ingelesez) «Railroad | History, Invention, & Facts | Britannica» www.britannica.com 2023-12-08 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-12-17).
  2. ↑ (Ingelesez) «The Future of Rail – Analysis» IEA (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-12-17).

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