Lau denborako motor

Lau denborako motor
reciprocating engine (en) Itzuli
Lau denborako zikloa Irudi gehiago

Lau denborako motorra edota lau aldiko motorra ziklo oso bat burutzeko lau denbora edo aldi behar dituen aldizkako barne-errekuntzadun motor-mota bat da. Alphonse Beau de Rochas ingeniariak asmatu eta 1876an lehenbiziko aldiz Nicolaus Otto ingeniari alemanak arrakastaz gauzatu zuen, gerora Étienne Lenoir eta Rudolf Diesel asmalariek era berberean gauzatzea lortu zutelarik. Lau denborako zikloa delakoa denbora gutxiago dituzten zikloak baino eraginkor eta fidagarriagoa da, bestalde bi denborako zikloak baino kutsadura gutxiago sortzen du, halaber zati mugikor gehiago ditu, aldiz bera maneiatzeko gidariaren trebezia gehiagoren beharra du eta potentzia berdina duen bi denborako motor bat baino astunagoa da.

Lau denborako motor batek bi eratara funtziona dezake:

  • Otto zikloaren edo eragindako pizte baten bidez.
  • Diesel zikloaren edo konpresio bidezko pizte baten bidez.

Zikloa urratsez-urrats

Lau denborako motor baten ziklo oso bat honako urratsez osatzen da:

  1. Lehen denbora edo sarrera: pistoiaren beherakada aldi honetan eragindako piztea duten motorrek erregai/aire nahasketa xurgatzen dute, aldiz konpresio bidezko motorra edo diesel motorretan airea xurgatzen da. Ihes-balbula itxia mantentzen da, bitartean sarrerakoa irekia dago. Lehen aldi honetan birabarkiak 180º-ko bira ematen du eta ardatz espekadunak berriz 90º-koa, sarrera-balbula irekia dago eta bere ibilbidea beheranzkoa da.
  2. Bigarren denbora edo konpresioa: Bere ibilbidearen behe-beheko mailara ailegatzean, sarrera-balbula itxi egiten da, eta pistoiaren gorakadaren ondorioz ganberan dagoen gasa konprimitu egiten da. Bigarren denbora honetan birabarkiak 360º-ko bira ematen du eta ardatz espekadunak berriz 180º-koa, gainera bi balbulak itxiak daude eta bere ibilbidea goranzkoa da.
  3. Hirugarren denbora edo leherketa: Pistoiaren goi-goiko mailara iristean jada gasak gorengo presioa du. Eragindako piztea duten motorretan bujian txinparta gauzatzen da, honek nahasketaren su hartzea gauzatzen du, aldiz, diesel motorretan nahasketa xiringa bidez txertatu eta presioaren eta zilindroaren barneko tenperaturen ondorioz nahasketa bere kaxaz su hartzen du. Bi kasuetan, behin erretzea hasi ondoren, hau modu azkarrean areagotu eta zilindro barneko tenperatura handitzen da, ondorioz pistoia bultzatzen duten gasak hedatu egiten dira. Hau da lana lortzen den aldi bakarra. Denbora honetan birabarkiak 180º-ko bira ematen du, ardatz espekadunak berriz 90º-koa, bi balbulak itxiak daude eta bere ibilbidea beheranzkoa da.
  4. Laugarren denbora edo ihesa: Aldi honetan pistoiak bere goranzko mugimenduan irekia dagoen ihes-balbulan zehar doazen erretze gasak artoski bultzatzen ditu. Goi-goiko mailara ailegatzean ihes-balbula itxi eta sarrera-balbula irekitzen da, honela ziklo berri bati hasiera emanaz. Aldi honetan birabarkiak 360º-ko bira eman du, eta ardatz estakadunak berriz 180º-koa, bere ibilbidea goranzkoa da.

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