Irarlan

Herkules eta Lernako hidra, Cornelis Cort (1565 inguru)

Irarlan[1] edo grabatua gainazal gogor eta, oro har, lau batean ildaskak ebaki edo urratzean lortzen den lana da. Emaitza gauzakia bera izan daiteke (adibidez berinazko, urrezko, zilarrezko edo altzairuzko gauzakiak), edo berau erabiliz egindako paper gaineko irudia.

Historian irarlana metodo garrantzitsua izan da paper gaineko irudiak lortzeko, erti- eta merkataritza-helburuekin. Irarlan tradizionala, gubilak edo makinak erabiliz, oraindik ere egiten jarraitzen da, batez ere urregintzan, berinalaritzan eta antzeko lanbideetan.

Historia

Txinan, grabatuaren artea duela 1.100 urte inguru garatu zen irudi gisa, zurezko blokeetan ebakitako testuarekin batera, paperean inprimatzeko. Hasieran, irudiak nagusiki erlijiosoak ziren, baina Song dinastian, artistak paisaiak ebakitzen hasi ziren. Ming (1368-1644) eta Qing (1616-1911) dinastietan, teknika hobetu egin zen, bai grabatu erlijiosoetarako, bai artistikoetarako.[2]

Japoniar xilografia (japonieraz: 木版画 moku hanga?) teknika ukiyo-e genero artistikoan duen erabileragatik ezagunagoa da; hala ere, garai berean liburu ilustratuak inprimatzeko ere asko erabili zuten. Xilografia mendeetan zehar erabili zuten Txinan liburuak inprimatzeko, tipo mugikorrak iritsi baino askoz lehenago, baina Japonian Edo Aroan (1603-1867) bakarrik hartu zuten. Mendebaldeko xilografiaren antzekoa da zenbait alderditan, baina moku hanga, neurri handi batean, urez egindako tintak erabiltzen dira (mendebaldeko xilografiak ez bezala, olioz egindako tintak erabiltzen baititu), eta horrek kolore bizien, lausoen eta kolorearen gardentasunaren gama zabala ahalbidetzen du.

1830 baino lehen egindako mendebaldeko tradizioko grabatuak old master print bezala ezagutzen dira. Europan, K.o. 1400. urtetik aurrera ilografia paperaren gaineko inpresio maisuak egiteko erabili zen, mundu bizantziar eta islamiarrean garatutako inprimatze-teknikak erabiliz. Michael Wolgemutek Alemaniako xilografia hobetu zuen 1475etik, gutxi gorabehera, eta Erhard Reuwich nederlandarra izan zen gurutzeko marradura erabiltzen lehena. Mendearen amaieran, Albrecht Dürerk mendebaldeko xilografia inoiz gainditu ez duen estadio batera eraman zuen, xilografiaren estatusa hosto bakarrekoa handituz.[3]

Erreferentziak

  1. ↑ «Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia» www.euskaltzaindia.eus (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-03-08).
  2. ↑ ChinaVista
  3. ↑ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ikus, gainera

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