Viskooskiud

Viskooskiu süntees. Kokkupuutel väävelhappega tselluloos polümeriseerub. Kui väävelhape reageerib aja jooksul vaseühenditega, siis need sadenevad välja ning saadud kiud kaotavad oma sinise värvuse

Viskooskiud (inglise rayon) on tselluloosist saadav tehiskiud, mida põhiliselt kasutatakse mitmesuguste tekstiilide valmistamiseks.

Viskoosi saamine tselluloosist on pööratav protsess.

Tooraineks kasutatakse enamasti kase, kuuse, pöögi või eukalüptipuu tselluloosi. Viskooskiudu (tsellulooskiudu) valmistatakse puidu tselluloosist selle töötlemisel naatriumhüdroksiidi (NaOH) ja süsinikdisulfiidiga (CS2). Nii saadakse vees lahustuv tselluloosksantogenaat, mille lahus – viskoos – surutakse läbi peente avadega pihusti ja moodustunud peened joad suunatakse otse sadestusvanni, kus ksantogenaat happelises keskkonnas laguneb ja sadenevad tahked peaaegu puhta tselluloosi kiud. Kiudusid venitatakse, nii et tselluloosi makromolekulid orienteeruvad pikisuunalisteks ja niidi tugevus kasvab. Neist kiududest saab kedrata tugevat niiti mitmesugusteks otstarveteks. Tuntuimad on siidi meenutavad materjalid nagu viskoossiid ja staapel (tsellvill).

Omadused

Viskooskiud on väga sarnane puuvillale, kuid imab vett endasse rohkem kui puuvill ja kuivab aeglaselt. Märjalt rebeneb kiiresti, ei kannata keetmist, ei elektriseeru. Hea kangas värvimiseks.

Viskooskiust tekstiil on seljas jahe, pehme, hea langevusega, kuid kortsub kergemini kui puuvill ja ei hoia hästi vormi. Viskooskiud ei tekita allergiat.[1]

Kasutamine

Viskooskiust kangad sobivad hästi just suverõivasteks: pluuside, kleitide, seelikute valmistamiseks, samuti voodrikangaks talverõivastele.

Sageli segatakse viskooskiudu teiste kiududega, et parandada nende omadusi: Villa ja viskooskiu segu parandab villa vastupidavust ning vähendab vanumise ohtu. Puuvillane viskoosilisandiga kangas on puuvillkangast parema läike ja erksama värviga.

Hea veeimavuse tõttu kasutatakse viskoosi mähkmete ja hügieenisidemete valmistamiseks.[1]

Hooldus

Viskooskiust tekstiile tuleb pesta temperatuuril mitte üle 40° C, et vältida värvi kahjustumist. Lubatud kerge tsentrifuugimine. Viskoos talub hästi keemilist puhastamist, kuid paremini saab puhtaks pestes ja tuleks lähtuda iga toote juhistest.[1]

Ajaloost

Viskoos töötati 19. sajandil välja siidikiu asendajaks. Juba aastail 1884–1885 demonstreeris briti keemik Sir Joseph Wilson Swan Londonis kiude, mis olid tehtud nitrotselluloosist (nitraatkiu nime all[2]). Saadud tulemust oli töödeldud kemikaalidega, et muuta materjal tagasi mittesüttivaks tselluloosiks. Kuid Swani leiutis ei jõudnud demonstreerimisest kaugemale. Viskooskiu arendamine praktilise tööstusliku eesmärgiga algas hoopis Prantsusmaal tööstuskeemiku Hilaire Bernigaud', Chardonnet' krahvi eestvõtmisel. 1889. aastal demonstreeris Chardonnet protsessi, kus nitrotselluloosi juhtimisel läbi ketrusseadme avade (seadet nimetati spinnerette) tekkisid kiud, mida kõvendati sooja õhu düüsides ja muudeti keemiliselt taas tselluloosiks. "Chardonnet' siidi", esimese tehiskiu tööstuslik tootmine algas 1891. aastal Besançonis.[3]

Olgugi et Chardonnet' protsess oli lihtne ja jäätmeteta, oli see teisalt aeglane, kallis ja potentsiaalselt ohtlik nitrotselluloosi omaduste tõttu. 1890. aastal patenteeris üks teine prantsuse keemik Louis-Henri Despeissis protsessi, milles kiud toodeti tselluloosi vaskammoniaakühendist. Leiutis baseerus Šveitsi keemiku Matthias Eduard Schweizeri avastusel (1857), et tselluloosi saab lahustada vasesoolade ja ammoniaagi lahuses ning pärast kiududeks venitamist muuta taas tselluloosiks. 1908. aastal hakkas Saksamaa tekstiilifirma I. P. Bemberg AG tootma vaskammoniaakviskoosi Cupra rayon või bembergsiidi nime all[2].

Kolmas tootmisviis, mis on tänapäeval viskooskiu tootmises tavalisim, leiutati 1891. aastal, kui kolm briti keemikut Charles F. Cross, Edward J. Bevan ja Clayton Beadle avastasid, et kiude võib toota siirupjast massist, mis tekib tselluloosksantogenaadi lahustamisel naatriumhüdroksiidis. 1905. aastal hakkas Briti siiditootja Samuel Courtauld & Company selle menetlusega tehissiidi tootma viskooskiu nime all. 1911. aastal alustas American Viscose Corporation viskooskiu tootmist Ameerika Ühendriikides.[3]

Vaata ka

Viited

Välislingid

Read other articles:

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2020) مخبأة في الغابة (فيلم 2014)Hidden in the Woods (بالإنجليزية) معلومات عامةالصنف الفني فيلم إثارة تاريخ الصدور 2014 9 نوفمبر 2014[1] مدة العرض 98 دقيقة[2] اللغة الأصلية �...

MongolPoster bioskopSutradara Sergei Bodrov Produser Sergei Selyanov Sergei Bodrov Anton Melnik Ditulis oleh Arif Aliyev Sergei Bodrov PemeranTadanobu AsanoSun HongleiKhulan ChuluunOdnyam OdsurenPenata musikTuomas KantelinenSinematograferSergey TrofimovRogier StoffersDistributorPicturehouseTanggal rilis 20 September 2007Durasi120 menitNegara Jerman Kazakhstan Rusia MongoliaBahasa Mongolia AnggaranUS$10.000.000 (perkiraan)IMDbInformasi di IMDbSitus web[www.mongolmovie...

吉田川 吉田川上流(駿河区平沢)水系 二級水系 巴川種別 二級河川延長 4.1 km平均流量 - m³/s流域面積 - km²水源 有度山水源の標高 308 m河口・合流先 巴川流域 静岡県静岡市駿河区 テンプレートを表示 吉田川(よしだがわ)は、静岡県静岡市駿河区を流れる二級河川。 巴川中流部の右岸支流の一つである。 地理 草薙川源流域のすぐ西側、日本平パークウェイに囲ま

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2021)   لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جواهر (توضيح). جواهر (بالتركية:Ezo) النوع دراما البلد  تركيا لغة العمل تركية مدبلج إلي العربية مدة الحلقة 45 دقيقة السينما.كوم صفحة ال�...

حوض أيتكين   التسمية قطب القمر الجنوبي  جسم فلكي القمر  إحداثيات 53°S 169°W / 53°S 169°W / -53; -169  خواص فيزيائية ارتفاع -9.1 كيلومتر[1]  القطر 2500 كيلومتر  حوض أيتكين تعديل مصدري - تعديل   حوض أيتكين (القطب الجنوبي) هو فوهة صدمية على القمر يَبلغ قطرها 2,500 كي

This is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. Archive 60 ← Archive 64 Archive 65 Archive 66 Archive 67 Archive 68 → Archive 70 Request to add Semantic Scholar IDs to the citation template I’m reaching out from Semantic Scholar, a free, non-profit academic search and discovery engine developed by the Allen Institute for AI (AI2) which was first launch...

President of Cyprus since 2023 Christodoulides redirects here. For the Cypriot judoka, see Christodoulos Christodoulides. His ExcellencyNikos ChristodoulidesΝίκος ΧριστοδουλίδηςChristodoulides in 20238th President of CyprusIncumbentAssumed office 28 February 2023Preceded byNicos AnastasiadesMinister of Foreign AffairsIn office1 March 2018 – 11 January 2022PresidentNicos AnastasiadesPreceded byIoannis KasoulidisSucceeded byIoannis KasoulidisSpokesman of the Go...

Bishop of Antioch from 260 to 268 This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Paul of Samosata preaches from the pulpit. Paul of Samosata (Greek: Παῦλος ὁ Σαμοσατεύς, lived from 200 to 275 AD) was Bishop of Antioch from 260 to 268 and the originator of the Paulianist he...

1995 American television film This article is about 1995 film. For the article about the World War II flyers, see Tuskegee Airmen. For other uses, see Tuskegee Airmen (disambiguation). The Tuskegee AirmenDVD Cover artGenreDramaHistoryWarWritten byParis QuallesTrey EllisRon HutchinsonRobert Wayland WilliamsT. S. CookDirected byRobert MarkowitzStarringLaurence FishburneAllen PayneMalcolm-Jamal WarnerCourtney B. VanceAndre BraugherChristopher McDonaldDaniel Hugh KellyMekhi PhiferJohn L...

2003 film Tum and TeavTum Teav LogoDirected byFan Sam AngWritten byBhikkhu SomProduced byKan SocheatStarringDanh MonikaSon SopheaChan DaraThyDistributed bySSB ProductionRelease dateJuly 12, 2003Running time120 minutesCountryCambodiaLanguageKhmer Tum Teav (Khmer: ទុំទាវ) is a 2003 Romance-tragedy Cambodian film portraying the tragedy of the star-crossed lovers Tum and Teav. The film was inspired by a love story - Tum Teav - which has been told throughout Cambodia since the 19th cen...

Scottish sociologist Andrew RossAndrew Ross (2012)Born1956ScotlandNationalityScottishCitizenshipUnited KingdomAlma materUniversity of AberdeenUniversity of KentWebsitewww.andrewtross.com Andrew Ross (born 1956), a Scottish-born social activist and analyst,[1] is Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University (NYU). He has authored and edited numerous books, and written for The New York Times, The Guardian, The Nation, Newsweek, and Al Jazeera. Much of his writin...

This article is about the proposed MBTA Station in North Easton. For the historic railroad station in North Easton, see North Easton station. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sourc...

Not to be confused with the nuclear reduction treaties, START I II and III.STartJune 1990 coverFirst issueSummer 1986Final issueNumberApril/May 199142CompanyAntic PublishingCountryUnited States STart was a computer magazine covering the Atari ST published from Summer 1986 through April/May 1991—42 issues total.[1][2] STart began as sections of Atari 8-bit magazine Antic, before being spun off into a separate publication. Its primarily competitor ST-Log was similarly spawned ...

Beninese politician Tahirou CongacouPresident of DahomeyActing29 November 1965 – 22 December 1965Preceded byJustin Ahomadégbé-TomêtinSucceeded byChristophe Soglo Personal detailsBorn1911 (1911)Djougou, DahomeyDied15 June 1993(1993-06-15) (aged 81–82)Cotonou, Benin Tahirou Congacou (1911 – 15 June 1993)[1][2] was a Beninese politician, most active during the 1960s, when his country was known as Dahomey. He served as President of the National Asse...

Structura cristalului de clorură de sodiu, NaCl, un compus ionic tipic. Sferele violete reprezintă cationii de sodiu, Na+, iar sferele verzi reprezintă anionii clorură, Cl−. În chimie, un compus ionic este un compus chimic alcătuit din minimum doi ioni, care sunt ținuți laolaltă datorită forțelor electrostatice numite legături ionice. Din punct de vedere electric, compusul este neutru, însă este format din ioni încărcați pozitiv, denumiți cationi, și ioni încărcați neg...

Paghimo ni bot Lsjbot. Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang La Higuera. 22°25′28″N 101°10′13″W / 22.42444°N 101.17028°W / 22.42444; -101.17028 La Higuera Lungsod Nasod  Mehiko Estado Estado de San Luis Potosí Munisipyo Ahualulco Gitas-on 1,872 m (6,142 ft) Tiganos 22°25′28″N 101°10′13″W / 22.42444°N 101.17028°W / 22.42444; -101.17028 Population 360 (2014-04-11) [1] Timezon...

Paghimo ni bot Lsjbot. Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Henderson Bay. 55°41′12″N 101°52′06″W / 55.68658°N 101.86824°W / 55.68658; -101.86824 Henderson Bay Luuk Nasod  Kanada Lalawigan Manitoba Gitas-on 277 m (909 ft) Tiganos 55°41′12″N 101°52′06″W / 55.68658°N 101.86824°W / 55.68658; -101.86824 Timezone CST (UTC-6)  - summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5) GeoNames 5973772 Luuk ang...

Harry LubinBackground informationBorn(1906-03-05)March 5, 1906New York City, New York, U.S.DiedJuly 21, 1977(1977-07-21) (aged 71)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Occupation(s) Composer arranger musician Instrument(s)PianoMusical artist Harry Lubin (March 5, 1906 – July 21, 1977) was an American composer, arranger, and pianist. He is known for composing the theme and much of the music for the second season of the television series The Outer Limits and One Step Beyond. Biography Lubin's pr...

Linux distribution jurixDeveloperFlorian La RocheOS familyLinux (Unix-like)Working stateDiscontinuedInitial release1993; 31 years ago (1993)Final releasewith kernel 2.0.36 / November 17, 1998; 25 years ago (1998-11-17)LicenseGNU GPLOfficial websitelinux.mathematik.tu-darmstadt.de/pub/linux/distributions/jurix/docs Jurix was an early Linux distribution created by Florian La Roche, a former employee of the legal department at Saarland University. The distribu...

Thai badminton player Badminton playerDechapol PuavaranukrohPersonal informationNickname(s)BassCountryThailandBorn (1997-05-20) 20 May 1997 (age 27)Chonburi, ThailandHeight1.69 m (5 ft 6+1⁄2 in)HandednessRightMen's and mixed doublesHighest ranking21 (MD with Kittinupong Kedren 20 July 2017)1 (XD with Sapsiree Taerattanachai 7 December 2021)[1]Current ranking6 (XD with Sapsiree Taerattanachai 16 July 2024) Medal record Men's badminton Representing  T...