Ämmaemand

Ämmaemand (Nõukogude ajal ka akušöör, palju varem ämmamoor) on pereplaneerimise ja seksuaaltervise spetsialist. Tema ülesanne on jälgida ja nõustada naisi raseduse ajal, võtta vastu sünnitusi ja õpetada naisi vastsündinut hooldama.[1] Ämmaemandate erialaga seotud valdkonda nimetatakse ämmaemanduseks.

Rahvusvaheline Ämmaemandate Konföderatsioon (ICM), Rahvusvaheline Sünnitusabi- ja Naistearstide Föderatsioon (FIGO) ja Maailma Tervishoiuorganisatsioon (WHO) kiitsid aastatel 19901992 heaks rahvusvahelise ämmaemanda definitsiooni. Selle kohaselt on ämmaemand isik, kes osaledes regulaarselt konkreetses riigis seaduslikult heaks kiidetud ämmaemandate koolituses, on nimetatud koolituse edukalt sooritanud ning saanud sel viisil nõutava pädevuse selleks, et tema võib kanda ämmaemandate registrisse ja/või anda talle seaduslik luba praktiseerida ämmaemandana.[2]

Ämmaemand nõustab naisi ja peresid raseduse, sünnituse ja sünnitusele järgneval (mille kohta vanasti kasutati sõna "lapsevoodi") ajal. Ta võib sünnitusi omal vastutusel vastu võtta, hooldada vastsündinut ja väikelast, samuti abistada hädaolukordades, kui arstiabi pole kättesaadav. Ta võib praktiseerida ämmaemandana haiglates, nõuandlates, tervisekeskustes, kodustes oludes jms.[2]

Ämmaemandal on õigus töötada iseseisvalt nii ämmaemanda kui ka õena. Eestis väljastatud tegevusloaga ämmaemandad on kantud tervishoiutöötajate registrisse.

Õendusala erialade arengukava järgi 2002. aastast on ämmaemandate optimaalne suhtarv eriarstidega 4 ämmaemandat 1 günekoloogi kohta, ämmaemandate optimaalne vajadus Eestis aga 5,5 ämmaemandat 10 000 elaniku kohta ehk absoluutarvuna 772.[3]

Eesti ämmaemandaid ühendab 1927. aastal rajatud ja 1992. aastal taasloodud Eesti Ämmaemandate Ühing[4], mis on ämmaemanda kutse andja ja ametiühing[5], korraldab 2007. aastast saati iga-aastaseid konverentse[6] ja annab 2000. aastast välja ka aasta ämmaemanda aunimetust[7].

Venemaal alustati ämmaemandate ettevalmistamist 18. sajandil, Eestis 19. sajandi algul. Esimene eestikeelne käsiraamat oli Otto Reinhold von Holtzi "Lühhike öppetus Eestima Tallorahwa Ämmadele" (1812)[8]. Tänapäeval saab Eestis ämmaemandaks õppida Tallinna Tervishoiu Kõrgkoolis ja Tartu Tervishoiu Kõrgkoolis.

Viited

  1. http://www.eki.ee/dict/ekss/index.cgi?Q=%C3%A4mmaemand&F=M
  2. 2,0 2,1 http://www.ammaemand.org.ee/index.php?id=2058[alaline kõdulink]
  3. Õendusala erialade arengukavad,
  4. "Arhiivikoopia". Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 24. jaanuar 2012. Vaadatud 17. veebruaril 2012.{{netiviide}}: CS1 hooldus: arhiivikoopia kasutusel pealkirjana (link)
  5. http://www.ammaemand.org.ee/2039/P%C3%B5hikiri[alaline kõdulink]
  6. http://www.ammaemand.org.ee/2046/Aastakonverentsid[alaline kõdulink]
  7. http://www.ammaemand.org.ee/2045/Aasta%20%C3%A4mmaemand[alaline kõdulink]
  8. "Arhiivikoopia". Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 18. oktoober 2007. Vaadatud 17. veebruaril 2012.{{netiviide}}: CS1 hooldus: arhiivikoopia kasutusel pealkirjana (link)

Kirjandus

  • Elina Eelmäe "Ämmaemandate küsimus läbi ajaloo". Tallinna Meditsiinikooli tasemeõppe osakonna diplomitöö.[viide?]

Välislingid

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