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Émile Picard
FRS(For) FRSE
Émile Picard FRS(For) FRSE
Born	Charles Émile Picard; 24 July 1856; Paris, France
Died	11 December 1941 (aged 85); Paris, France
Nationality	French
Alma mater	École Normale Supérieure (Paris)
Known for	Picard functor; Picard group; Picard horn; Picard modular group; Picard modular surface; Picard theorem; Picard variety; Picard–Lefschetz formula; Picard–Lindelöf theorem; Picard–Vessiot theory; Picard–Fuchs equation; Painlevé transcendents
Awards	ForMemRS (1909); Poncelet Prize (1886)
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	University of Paris; École Centrale Paris
Thesis	Applications des complexes lineaires a l'etude des surfaces et des courbes gauches
Doctoral advisor	Gaston Darboux
Doctoral students	Sergei Bernstein; Paul Dubreil; Jacques Hadamard; Gaston Julia; Traian Lalescu; Philippe Le Corbeiller; Paul Painlevé; Mihailo Petrović; Simion Stoilow; Ernest Vessiot; Henri Villat; André Weil; Stanisław Zaremba

Charles Émile Picard FRS(For)^[1] FRSE (French: [ʃaʁl emil pikaʁ]; 24 July 1856 – 11 December 1941) was a French mathematician. He was elected the fifteenth member to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française in 1924.^[2]

Life

He was born in Paris on 24 July 1856 and educated there at the Lycée Henri-IV. He then studied mathematics at the École Normale Supérieure.^[3]

Picard's mathematical papers, textbooks, and many popular writings exhibit an extraordinary range of interests, as well as an impressive mastery of the mathematics of his time. Picard's little theorem states that every nonconstant entire function takes every value in the complex plane, with perhaps one exception. Picard's great theorem states that an analytic function with an essential singularity takes every value infinitely often, with perhaps one exception, in any neighborhood of the singularity. He made important contributions in the theory of differential equations, including work on Picard–Vessiot theory, Painlevé transcendents and his introduction of a kind of symmetry group for a linear differential equation. He also introduced the Picard group in the theory of algebraic surfaces, which describes the classes of algebraic curves on the surface modulo linear equivalence. In connection with his work on function theory, he was one of the first mathematicians to use the emerging ideas of algebraic topology. In addition to his theoretical work, Picard made contributions to applied mathematics, including the theories of telegraphy and elasticity. His collected papers run to four volumes.

Louis Couturat studied integral calculus with Picard in 1891-1892, taking detailed notes of the lectures. These notes were preserved and now are available in three cahiers from Internet Archive.^[4]

Like his contemporary, Henri Poincaré, Picard was much concerned with the training of mathematics, physics, and engineering students. He wrote a classic textbook on analysis and one of the first textbooks on the theory of relativity. Picard's popular writings include biographies of many leading French mathematicians, including his father in law, Charles Hermite.

Picard was an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,^[5] an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences,^[6] and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society.^[7]

Family

In 1881 he married Marie, the daughter of Charles Hermite.

Society

Charles Émile Picard was one of the founder members in 1930 of the Society of Friends of André-Marie Ampère which was created to develop the first science museum in France, the Ampère Museum close to Lyons.^[8]