Xanthurenic acid, or xanthurenate, is a metabolic intermediate that accumulates and is excreted by pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficient animals after the ingestion of tryptophan.[1][2]
Xanthurenic acid is suspected to be an endogenous agonist for Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in humans.[3] It is also known to be a potent VGLUT inhibitor, thereby preventing the movement of glutamate from the cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles, an action that it mediates via competitive blockade of vesicular glutamate transporters (Ki = 0.19 mM).[4]
In 2015[update] researchers reported a marked reduction of xanthurenic acid levels in the serum of patients with schizophrenia.[5] A recent meta-analysis showed that blood xanthurenic acid levels are lower in individuals suffering from bipolar disorder as well.[6]
Xanthurenic acid has also been shown to induce gametogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria.[7][8] It is found in the gut of the Anopheles mosquito.
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