LtCol Robin Higgins, USMC, Ret. (spouse), Christine Higgins Tabaka (daughter)
William Richard Higgins (January 15, 1945 – July 31, 1989) was a United States Marine Corpscolonel who was captured in Lebanon in 1988 while serving on a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission. He was held hostage, tortured[1] and eventually murdered by his captors.[2][3]
As a lieutenant, he participated in combat operations in 1968 in the Republic of Vietnam as a rifle company platoon commander and executive officer with C Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division. He was aide-de-camp to the Assistant Commander of the 3rd Marine Division.
Returning to the States, Lt. Higgins served at Headquarters Marine Corps in 1969. In 1970, he served as the Officer-in-Charge of the Officer Selection Team in Louisville, Kentucky.
He returned to Vietnam in 1972, serving as an infantry battalion advisor to the Vietnamese Marine Division. In 1973, he served as a rifle company commander with B Company, 1st Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division, in Vietnam.
From 1973 to 1977, Captain Higgins served at the Staff Noncommissioned Officers Academy and Officer Candidate School at Quantico, Virginia.
After completion of the Air Force Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base in 1980, designated a distinguished graduate, Higgins returned to Washington, D.C., where he served at Headquarters as a Plans Officer until his selection to the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
In 1981 and 1982, he served as Military Assistant to the Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, then as Assistant for Interagency Matters to the Executive Secretary for the Department of Defense.
After graduation from the National War College in 1985, he returned to the Pentagon as the Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, where he served until he was transferred to his United Nations assignment in July 1987. He was promoted to colonel on March 1, 1989, while in captivity.
Capture and murder
Headstone detailWilliam R. Higgins' headstone in Quantico National Cemetery
In 1982 the situation in Lebanon started to become more chaotic and violent.[4][5][6] Three years before Higgins's kidnapping, William Francis Buckley, another retired American lieutenant colonel working for the CIA had been kidnapped, tortured, and murdered.[7][8] This situation repeated itself with Higgins, and on February 17, 1988, he disappeared while serving as the Chief, Observer Group Lebanon and Senior Military Observer, United Nations Military Observer Group, United Nations Truce Supervision Organization.[9]
He was driving alone on the coastal highway between Tyre and Naqoura in southern Lebanon, returning from a meeting with a local leader of the Amal movement, when a car blocked the road in front of him and forcing him to stop,[10] after which he was pulled from his vehicle by armed men suspected of being affiliated with Hezbollah.[1][11][12]
During his captivity, he was interrogated and tortured.[1][15][16] On April 21, 1988, a public statement in Arabic, along with black-and-white pictures of a disheveled and scruffy Higgins, was sent by the kidnappers to the news agency Reuters in which they proclaimed that Higgins was a war criminal and would be tried by a "tribunal of the oppressed". The kidnappers who claimed responsibility for Higgins' capture claimed to form part of a Shia Muslim terrorist organization called "The Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", which was in reality a pro-Iranian wing of Hezbollah.[16]
Higgins was eventually charged with "spying for the criminal United States on our Lebanese and Palestinian peoples" and "active participation in American conspiracies against our Muslim people". Higgins, the statement went on to elaborate, worked in Lebanon supervising a "Pentagon team to combat Lebanese and Palestinian Islamic organizations in Palestine and Lebanon". American governmental officials rejected the accusations as "nonsense", who noted that Higgins had not been working on behalf of the United States government, but for the United Nations and on a peacekeeping mission.[16]
After his kidnapping, rumors and unconfirmed reports about Higgins' death began to circulate. For instance, on April 18, 1988, a Lebanese radio news outlet named Voice of Lebanon and controlled by Maronite Christians, and thus, unlikely to be influenced by Muslim extremists, claimed that Higgins had died in southern Lebanon in the crossfire of an armed clash between pro-Syrian and pro-Iranian militias as both Syria and Iran fought a proxy war on Lebanon for control of said country.[16] Sources from the United Nations in the region claimed that Higgins had died under torture after he had tried to escape.[17]
On July 31, 1989, the group announced that it had executed Higgins by hanging, and publicly released a videotape of the murder along with a statement calling the graphic footage "an opening gift" for Israel and the United States.[18][19] This was in retaliation for the abduction of Hezbollah leader Sheik Abdul Karim Obeid by Israeli commandos in South Lebanon, July 27, 1989,[20] during which two other people accompanying Obeid also were taken and a neighbour killed.[18] The operation had been planned by Israel's then minister of defence, Yitzhak Rabin.[21]
The footage showed images of Higgins' body hanging by the neck as he slowly suffocated to death,[18] and were televised around the world.[16]FBI experts analyzed the footage. They concluded the body hanged was indeed Colonel Higgins.[22] The video was also examined by Israeli security services, who raised doubts about its authenticity. Among other things, Higgins is seen in the video wearing a coat and winter clothes, which do not match the summer weather in July in Lebanon. Afterwards, with the return of his body to the Americans, knife cuts were discovered in his throat - which was likely the cause of death. According to the researchers who examined all the evidence, Higgins was murdered in December 1988.[23][24][25]
Higgins was declared dead on July 6, 1990. His remains were recovered on December 23, 1991, by Major Jens Nielsen of the Royal Danish Army, who was attached to the United Nations Observation Group in Beirut.[23][26] The remains were found in an advanced state of decomposition[27] beside a mosque near a south Beirut hospital.[28] His body had been buried for several months prior. After Higgins was murdered, his kidnappers buried the body. They then dug it out almost a year later, with their public statements.[17]
Once recovered, Colonel Higgins' body was flown to Dover Air Force Base in Delaware, where it was conclusively identified[24] and then he was interred at Quantico National Cemetery, Triangle, Virginia, on December 30, 1991.[29]
A memorial and religious service for Higgins had previously been held in November 1989 at Louisville's Southern High School, from which Higgins had graduated in 1963.[24]
In 1999, Higgins' widow filed a civil suit against Iran as the main sponsor of Hezbollah and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard in the United States Federal district court. The court ruled in her favor and issued a default judgement ordering the defendants, including the Islamic Republic Iran, to pay over $55 million in compensatory damages. The court ordered an additional $300 million in punitive damages be paid by the Revolutionary Guard.[31]
Military awards
Higgins' military decorations and awards include the following:
In April 2003, he was posthumously granted a Prisoner of War Medal.[32] In 1998, Department of Defense General Counsel, Judith A. Miller, initially blocked the award, based on the claim that "circumstances do not appear to meet the criteria established by Congress for award of the Prisoner of War Medal." The Navy later overruled her after it was determined that the 1989 expansion of the eligibility criteria allowed the award.[33]
Other awards and honors
On March 18, 1992, President George Bush awarded Colonel Higgins the Presidential Citizens Medal (posthumous). The medal was accepted by his wife, Robin, and daughter, Chrissy. Higgins was also survived by two sisters.
William Francis Buckley: Another retired lieutenant colonel from the United States Army working as a CIA officer in Lebanon who was kidnapped, tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists in 1985.
^ abcKeilar, Brianna; Cooper, Anderson; et al. (Directed by Jody Gottlieb; produced by Alex Quade, Mary Ade, John Cooke and Mark Nelson) (July 29, 2006). "Encore Presentation: Inside Hezbollah". Written at Beirut, Lebanon. In Gottlieb, Jody; Jell, Lisa (eds.). CNN Presents. Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America: CNN Worldwide (WarnerMedia). Cable News Network (CNN). CNN. CNN Transcripts (CNN Presents). Hezbollah is a suspect in the torture and murder of U.S. Colonel William Higgins. Higgins disappeared in 1988, while leading a U.N. observer group in south Lebanon. A year and a half later, this video appeared on television screens around the world. Higgins, badly beaten body, hanging from a rope.
^Versteegh, C.H.M.; van Dam, N.; Zürcher, E.J.; Peters, R.; Motzki, H.; Berserik, Françoise; de Jong, Teus; Beets, Nij; Pel, Henk, eds. (June 19, 2000). "Chapter Six: Escalation (May 1983-June 1984)"(PDF). The battle for South Lebanon: The radicalization of Lebanon's Shi'ites 1982-1985. Rabdoub University Faculty of Social Sciences (Doctoral thesis (PhD in letters)) (in English and Dutch). Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands: Radboud University (Radboud Universiteit)/Uitgeverij Bulaaq (Bulaaq Publishers). pp. 197–246. OCLC742181947. Retrieved September 14, 2021 – via Radboud Repository (Radboud University).
^Salem, Elie (December 31, 1994). Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon: The Troubled Years, 1982-1988. Bloomsbury Modern History/I.B. Tauris General Middle East History (1st ed.). London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing/I.B. Tauris. doi:10.5040/9780755612109. ISBN978-1850438359.
^Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth; et al. (Design and pictures by Dean Dauphinais, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Mary K. Grimes, Lezlie Light, Luke Rademacher, Kate Scheible; printing by Rhnonda Williams) (2003) [2004]. "Chapter 3. Chronology". In Cusack, Stephen; Scheible, Kate; Bealmar, Erin; Cerrito, Joan; Craddock, Jim; Schwartz, Carol; Tomassini, Christine; Tyrkus, Michael J.; Gareffa, Peter (eds.). 1984 (entry 7). Gale Group. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. Gale virtual reference library. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan, United States of America: (Thomson Corporation). p. 341. ISBN978-0787675462. LCCN2003011097. Retrieved September 11, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
^Higgins, Robin L. (2000) [1999]. Côté, Richard N. (ed.). Patriot Dreams: The Murder of Colonel Rich Higgins, USMC (2nd ed.). Quantico, Virginia, United States of America: Hellgate Press/The Marine Corps Association. ISBN9781555715274.
^ abKenaan, Rodeina (December 23, 1991). Written at Beirut, Lebanon. Quier, Myrtle B.; Flippin, William S.; Flippin, James C.; Gannon, Thomas A.; Orkus, Larry R.; Gallagher, Charles M.; Schultz, Edward J.; Davis, Donald P. (eds.). "Body identified as U.S. hostage". Main section. Reading Eagle. Vol. 123, no. 330. Reading, Pennsylvania, United States of America: Reading Eagle Company. The Associated Press (AP). p. A1. Retrieved September 15, 2021 – via Google Books.
^Skinner, Jerome L. Durst, Jacob; Luke, Hannah; Williams, Taylor; Couch, Bryce; Nielson, Elizabeth I.; Maldonado, Kathrine; Rimann, Courtney (eds.). "An American Civil Law Response to International Terror"(PDF). SMU Dedman School of Law. Journal of Air Law and Commerce. 69 (3). Dallas, Texas, United States of America: Southern Methodist University: 545–560 – via SMU Scholar (SMU Libraries/SMU Office of Research and Graduate Studies/SMU Office of Information Technology) F. Higgins v. Islamic Republic of Iran [IV. Suits for acts committed in foreign states: Anti-Terrorism Act of 1990, as amended, 18 U.S.C. § 2333]{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[permanent dead link]
^Sterner, Doug. Tilghman, Andrew; Altman, Howard; Steinhafel, David (eds.). "William Richard Higgins". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Vienna, Virginia, United States of America: Sightline Media Group. ID:33775. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
Further reading
Higgins, Robin L. (2000) [1999]. Côté, Richard N. (ed.). Patriot Dreams: The Murder of Colonel Rich Higgins, USMC (2nd ed.). Quantico, Virginia, United States of America: Hellgate Press/The Marine Corps Association. ISBN9781555715274.
