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William Miles Maskell (5 October 1839 – 1 May 1898) was a New Zealand farmer, politician and entomologist.

Early life

Born in Mapperton, Dorset, England to Mary Scott and William Maskell, an Anglican clergyman, he attended school at St Mary's College in Oscott, Birmingham, and later in Paris, before being commissioned an ensign in the 11th Regiment of Foot with which he served for just under two years.^[1]^[2]

He first came to New Zealand to Lyttelton, in 1860 aboard William Miles. He eventually became involved in the political campaigns of Frederick Weld and Charles Clifford. He returned to England sometime between 1861 and 1863, but returned by September 1865, purchasing a 2,000-acre (8.1 km²) property in Broadleaze near Leithfield, Canterbury a short while after.^[3]

He became registrar of the newly formed University of New Zealand in 1876 and held this position until his death.^[3]

Maskell was married to Lydia Cooper Brown on 15 September 1874 in two ceremonies, one Catholic and one Protestant. After Lydia's death in 1883, he married Alice Ann McClean in 1886.^[3]

Political career

In 1866, Maskell was elected to represent Sefton on the Canterbury Provincial Council, a position which he held until the provinces were abolished in 1876. He also served as provincial secretary and treasurer during the last year on the council.^[3]

Maskell contested the Ashley electorate twice for a seat in the New Zealand parliament. On both occasions, first in the 1871 general election,^[4] and then in the 1876 general election,^[5] he was unsuccessful against John Evans Brown. After this, he took no further active part in politics.^[6]

Entomology

Around 1873, Maskell became interested in entomology and wrote a book, An Account of the Insects Noxious to Agriculture and Plants in New Zealand, which mostly concerned pests in the Coccoidea family. Later, as his work became more well known, he was sent insect samples from a variety of locations, including Asia, Fiji, Hawaii and the Americas, which resulted in him proposing over 330 species names.^[3] Maskell's personal collection of Coccoidea specimens which was regarded as scientifically significant and was acquired by the New Zealand Department of Agriculture.^[7] In 1906, at the request of Dr C.L Marlett, Assistant Chief of the United States Bureau of Entomology, the collection was loaned to the Bureau for study by Emily R. Morrison.^[8] The collection was returned to the New Zealand Department of Agriculture in 1922 and is now housed at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection.^[9]

Maskell particularly liked studying the internal anatomy of insects, probably due to his fascination with physiology and microscopy, and his work was also unique in that he studied immature stages of males and females as well as the mature females.^[3]

After experimenting with kerosene application, Maskell became an advocate of biological control of pests, which involves finding their natural predators. He helped Albert Koebele of the United States Department of Agriculture collect vedalia "ladybird" beetles (Rodolia cardinalis), a predator of cottony cushion scale, which had become a devastating pest of Californian citrus farms.^[10] In its native Australia this pest was kept in check (so F. S. Crawford found) by a dipterous fly Cryptochetum iceryae which injected its eggs into the scale insect, which was then devoured by the resultant larvae.

Maskell also studied arthropods, protozoa and microscopic algae, publishing more than 70 research papers on these topics. He was also a strong opponent of Darwinism and his arguments helped to shape several scientific debates of the time.^[3]

Death

Maskell died in Wellington on 1 May 1898 at his home from complications that arose after a serious operation. He was survived by his second wife, and he did not have any children.^[11]

Bibliography

An account of the insects noxious to agriculture and plants in New Zealand. The scale insects (Coccididæ) Wellington, N.Z. State Forests and Agricultural Dept.,1887.

References

^ "No. 22142". The London Gazette. 21 May 1858. p. 2517.
^ "No. 22380". The London Gazette. 27 April 1860. p. 1597.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Morales, Clare F. "Maskell, William Miles 1839 – 1898". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
^ "THE GENERAL ELECTIONS". The Star. No. 852. 20 February 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
^ "AHLEY POLLING". The Star. No. 2435. 12 January 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
^ "OBITUARY". The Star. No. 6168. 2 May 1898. p. 4. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
^ Deitz L. L., and Tocker M. F. (1980). W.M. Maskell’s Homoptera: species-group names and type material. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Information Series 146. pp. 1–76.
^ MacGillivray, Alex D. (29 June 1923). "The Maskell Collection of Coccidæ". Science. 57 (1487): 734–735. Bibcode:1923Sci....57..734M. doi:10.1126/science.57.1487.734. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17788495.
^ "About the collection". Manaaki Whenua. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
^ Paul DeBach and David Rosen, Biological Control by Natural Enemies 2nd ed. 1991 p.141 ISBN 9780521391917
^ "OBITUARY. MR. W. M. MASKELL". The Evening Post. Vol. LV, no. 102. 2 May 1898. p. 5. Retrieved 23 April 2010.