The original phase of Viacom Inc.[a] (derived from "Video & Audio Communications") was an American mass media and entertainmentconglomerate based in New York City. It began as CBS Television Film Sales, the broadcast syndication division of the CBS television network in 1952; it was renamed CBS Films in 1958, renamed CBS Enterprises in 1968, renamed Viacom in 1970, and spun off into its own company in 1971. Viacom was a distributor of CBS television series throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and also distributed syndicated television programs. The company went under Sumner Redstone's control in 1987 through his cinema chain company National Amusements.[3]
Viacom originated on March 16, 1952 — when CBS founded its broadcast syndication division, CBS Television Film Sales.[5][6][7] It renamed as CBS Films in October 1958.[8][9] On December 1, 1967, it again renamed as CBS Enterprises Inc..[10][11] On July 6, 1970, it announced that CBS Enterprises would be spun out from its parent company,[12] and the same month the division was incorporated as Viacom,[13][14][15][16][17] and spun off on January 1, 1971,[18] amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies (the rules were later repealed).
Viacom expanded its activities throughout the decade with a launch of a production unit, and later acquired the rights to various features from various studios.[19][20]
The original Viacom logo used from 1971 to 1976
In addition to CBS TV series syndication rights, Viacom also held cable systems with 90,000 cable subscribers, at that time the largest in the US. In 1976, Viacom launched Showtime, a pay movie channel, with Warner-Amex taking a half-share ownership. The company went into original programming production starting in the late 1970s until the early 1980s with middling results.[17] The company expanded in 1977 to launch a unit for program acquisitions and prime-time network programming.[21]
In 1985, Viacom acquired Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc. from Warner-Amex, ending the joint venture. Around the same time, Viacom bought MTV Networks, which owned MTV, VH-1, and Nickelodeon.[30] This led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company, and completed in 1986.
In 1987, Viacom sought to expand its horizons by launching the new Viacom Network Enterprises division, which was led by Ronald C. Bernard, in order to develop and exploit properties outside of the core cable business and the company would ride herd on diverse enterprises as Viacom's pay-per-view venture, Viewer's Choice, Satellite Direct, Inc. and SMA TV, and handle strategic planning and new business development for Viacom Networks Group, and would develop merchandising, licensing and home video business around the two Viacom subsidiaries it was currently operating, Showtime-The Movie Channel, Inc. and MTV Networks.[31]
In 1989, the company had set up its own division Viacom Pictures, to produce its feature films for television, most notably Showtime.[32]
Sumner Redstone, via his theater chain operator National Amusements, acquired a controlling interest in Viacom on June 10, 1987.[3] Redstone made a string of large acquisitions in the early 1990s, announcing plans to merge with Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western), parent of Paramount Pictures, in 1993, and buying the Blockbuster Video chain in 1994. The acquisition of Paramount Communications on July 7, 1994, made Viacom one of the world's largest entertainment companies.[33] Also in 1993, WTXX entered into a part-time local marketing agreement with Viacom's NBC station WVIT.[34]
The Paramount and Blockbuster acquisitions gave Viacom access to large television holdings: An archive of programming controlled by Aaron Spelling's company which included, along with his own productions, the pre-1973 ABC and NBC libraries under Worldvision Enterprises and Republic Pictures; and an expanded group of television stations which merged Viacom's five existing outlets into Paramount's seven-station group. Viacom used some of these stations to launch the UPN network, which started operations in January 1995 as a joint venture with Chris-Craft Industries. Shortly afterward, Viacom/Paramount spent the next two years selling off its non-UPN affiliated stations to various owners. In 1997, Viacom exited the broadcast radio business, albeit temporarily, when it sold the majority of its stations to Chancellor Media, a predecessor company of iHeartMedia.
On September 7, 1999, Viacom announced their acquisition of CBS Corporation in a $35.9 billion deal. In addition to being the largest media merger in history at the time, the purchase effectively reunited Viacom with its former parent, CBS.[35][36] The merger was completed in May 2000, bringing CBS's cable channels TNN (now Paramount Network) and Country Music Television (CMT) under Viacom's MTV Networks wing, as well as CBS's production and distribution units Eyemark Entertainment (formerly Group W Productions) and King World under the main wing.[37] The merger also folded Viacom's broadcast group, now consisting entirely of UPN stations, into CBS's owned-stations division.[38][39]
In 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of BET Holdings, the owners of the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network.[40] As with CBS Cable, it was immediately integrated into MTV Networks, causing some outcry among BET workers in the Washington, D.C., area (where BET was based before the merger). As a result, BET was separated from MTV Networks, into a division known as BET Networks.
Although a majority economic interest in Viacom was held by independent shareholders, the Redstone family maintained 71-percent voting control of the company through National Amusements' holdings of Viacom's stock.
In 2002, Viacom's MTV Networks International bought independently run Dutch music video channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, MTVNI bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV. The same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacom's interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer; the spinoff of Blockbuster was completed in October.
Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the remaining shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain, which resulted in Viacom's return to operating radio stations after it originally exited the broadcast radio business in 1997. In April 2003, Viacom acquired the remaining ownership shares of Comedy Central from then-AOL Time Warner, integrating Comedy Central into MTV Networks.
Viacom Cable
From its formation until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, Nashville and Seattle metropolitan areas.[41] Several of these were originally independent systems that CBS acquired in the 1960s. The division was known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, when it was renamed to Viacom Cable. By 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers. Viacom sold the division to TCI in 1995.[42] Viacom's cable assets are now part of Comcast.
In March 2005, Viacom announced that it would split into two companies – one would contain Viacom's "slow-growth" assets; the other would consist of the company's "high-growth" divisions[43] – under National Amusements' control because of a stagnating stock price. The internal rivalry between CBS chairman Les Moonves and MTV Networks chief executive officerTom Freston, and the controversy of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show were also seen as factors. After the departure of Mel Karmazin in 2004, Redstone, who served as chairman and CEO, decided to split the offices of president and chief operating officer between Moonves and Freston. Redstone was set to retire in the near future, and a split would be a creative solution to the matter of replacing him.[44]
Logo of the spun-off Viacom (2005–2019), introduced on December 31, 2005
The existing Viacom would become the second CBS Corporation as it was headed by Moonves and kept CBS, Simon & Schuster,[45] and Paramount Network Television (now known as CBS Studios), among other assets; while MTV Networks, BET Networks, and Paramount Pictures would spin-off to a sister company headed by Freston under the Viacom name. The split was approved by Viacom's board on June 14, 2005,[46] and took effect on December 31.[4] The second iterations of CBS Corporation and Viacom began trading on January 3, 2006.[47]
Logo of ViacomCBS (2019–2022), introduced on December 4, 2019
On August 13, 2019, CBS and Viacom officially announced their re-merger deal; the combined company would be called ViacomCBS, with Bob Bakish as president and CEO and Shari Redstone as the chairwoman of the new company.[48][49][50] The deal was closed on December 4.[51]
Logo of Paramount Global, introduced on February 16, 2022
Despite ViacomCBS renaming itself to Paramount Global on February 16, 2022,[52] several Paramount assets retain the Viacom name, such as Viacom International (until inactive) and Viacom18 (the latter of which Paramount holds a minority stake in until sold in 2024).
Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was purchased from Sonderling Broadcasting in 1980, which initiated Viacom's entry into radio station ownership (WAST television in Albany was also purchased through the Sonderling deal);
This list does not include other stations owned by Paramount Stations Group which were acquired by Viacom through its acquisition of Paramount Pictures in 1994, nor any other station purchased by Viacom/Paramount following the Paramount acquisition and prior to its merger with CBS in 2000.
^Hagey, Keach (2018). The King of Content: Sumner Redstone's Battle for Viacom, CBS, and Everlasting Control of His Media Empire. New York: HarperBusiness. p. 131. ISBN9780062654090. In the beginning, Sumner's Viacom—which he had renamed VIE-uh-com during the first board meeting, in a nod to his fighting spirit […]
^Fabrikant, Geraldine (September 17, 1986). "VIACOM CHIEF LEADS GROUP'S BUYOUT BID (Published 1986)". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2021. In November 1985, Viacom acquired MTV for $326 million in cash and warrants. One-third of MTV was publicly owned; the rest was owned by Warner Communications and the American Express Company. At the same time, Viacom bought the 50 percent of Showtime, the pay television service, that it did not already own for $184 million.
^"Viacom Establishes Enterprise Division". Variety. February 11, 1987. pp. 49, 70.
^"75 Power Players: The Outsiders". Next Generation. No. 11. Imagine Media. November 1995. p. 61. Viacom completed acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994, creating one of the world's largest entertainment companies.
^Smyntek, John (September 15, 1999). "Viacom can have 2 area stations". Detroit Free Press. p. 1E. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^Taylor, Chuck (December 29, 1994). "Viacom Expected To Sell Cable Franchises – TCI Group Would Gain 1.1 Million Subscribers". The Seattle Times.
^Taylor, Chuck (January 22, 1995). "Cable Execs To Visit Viacom Sites In Seattle Area – Intermedia Partners Optimistic As They Face Regulatory Hurdles, Tax Scrutiny By Congress". The Seattle Times.
Hi! PARISHi! PARISIndustriKecerdasan buatanDidirikan15 September 2020; 3 tahun lalu (2020-09-15)PendiriHEC ParisInstitut Politeknik ParisKantorpusatPalaiseau, PrancisTokohkunciRaphaëlle Gautier (CEO)Situs webwww.hi-paris.fr Hi! PARIS adalah organisasi berbasis di Paris yang mempromosikan pendidikan, penelitian, dan inovasi[1] di bidang kecerdasan buatan (AI) dan analitik data[2]. Hi PARIS! pekerjaan meliputi penelitian dalam keamanan AI teknis dan etika AI[3], ad...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Rock Island Jethro Tull album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1989 studio album by Jethro TullRock IslandStudio album by Jethro TullReleased21 August 1989RecordedEarly 19...
La recessione globale del 1980-1982 (o recessione di inizio anni '80) è stata una grave crisi economica di inizio anni '80, causata in buona parte dalla seconda crisi petrolifera del 1979 a seguito della rivoluzione iraniana.[1] La crisi, che ebbe la sua fase più acuta tra il 1980 e il 1982, avrebbe prodotto delle conseguenze fino al 1985-1986 in varie nazioni, fino alla completa risoluzione di tutti i problemi in medio oriente e la sua stabilizzazione. Indice 1 Denominazione 2 Ante...
Sanctuary specially dedicated to the ancient Greek god Plouton For the radioactive chemical element, see Plutonium. Pluto's Gate (Old Plutonion[1] adjacent to the Temple of Apollo) at Hierapolis A ploutonion[pronunciation?] (Ancient Greek: Πλουτώνιον, lit. Place of Plouton) is a sanctuary specially dedicated to the ancient Greek god Plouton (i.e., Hades). Only a few such shrines are known from classical sources, usually at locations that produce poisonous emissions a...
McDonnell Douglas MD-94XTipePesawat terbangStatusProyek dibatalkanAcuan dasarMcDonnell Douglas MD-80 McDonnell Douglas MD-94X adalah sebuah pesawat sayap rendah (low wing) dalam perencanaan bertenaga propfan, diperkirakan memulai produksi pada tahun 1994. Pesawat ini memiliki tempat duduk antara 160 dan 180 penumpang dalam konfigurasi tempat duduk yang tidak diketahui. Sebuah desain baru, dikembangkan pada 1980-an untuk bersaing dengan Boeing 7J7 yang serupa. Konfigurasi mirip dengan MD-80, t...
Alaska Attorney GeneralIncumbentTreg Taylorsince January 30, 2021Member ofGovernment of AlaskaReports toGovernor of AlaskaAppointerGovernor of AlaskaFirst holder1916Websitelaw.state.ak.us The Alaska Attorney General is the chief legal advisor to the government of the State of Alaska and to its governor. The Attorney General is appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Alaska Legislature. The position has existed since the early days of the Territory of Alaska, though it was an elect...
Cette page dresse la liste des médaillés masculins des épreuves de cyclisme aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1896 à 2020. Articles connexes : Liste des médaillées olympiques féminines en cyclisme, Cyclisme aux Jeux olympiques et Sportifs les plus médaillés aux Jeux olympiques. Programme actuel Route Course individuelle De 1912 à 1932, la course se déroulait sous forme d'un contre-la-montre de 100 kilomètres. Édition Or Argent Bronze Athènes 1896résultats détaillés Aristid...
German psychologist and philosopher (1872–1956) Ludwig KlagesBorn(1872-12-10)10 December 1872Hannover, Prussia, German EmpireDied29 July 1956(1956-07-29) (aged 83)Kilchberg, Zurich, SwitzerlandNationalityGermanAlma mater Leipzig University Technische Hochschule Hannover University of Munich AwardsGoethe Medal for Art and Science (1932)Era20th-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchool Continental philosophy Anti-foundationalism Anti-militarism Biocentrism Lebensphilosophie&#...
Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Zōē Porphyrogénnētē di en.wikipedia.org. Isinya masih belum akurat, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan. (Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: panduan...
بنك دولة فيتنام البلد فيتنام المقر هانوي تاريخ إنشاء 6 مايو 1951 العملة دونغ فيتنامي الموقع الالكتروني الموقع الرسمي تعديل مصدري - تعديل بنك دولة فيتنام أو بنك فيتنام الحكومي (بالفيتنامية: Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam) هو البنك المركزي لفيتنام . وهي تمتلك حال�...
Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran. Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi Bibi Khānoom Astarābādi[1][2] (Persian: بی بی خانم استرآبادی) (1858/59 – 1921) was a notable Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran. Biography Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi was born to the family of Mohammad Baqer Khan Astarabadi, one of the notable men of Astarabad (the present-day Gorg...
Partigiani garibaldini in piazza San Marco a Venezia nei giorni della liberazione. V · D · MCampagna d'Italia1943-19451943 Corkscrew – Sicilia – Bombardamento di Roma – Calabria – Taranto – Achse – Salerno – Quercia – Napoli – Termoli – Linea del Volturno – Linea Barbara – Bombardamento di Bari – Linea Bernhardt – Monte Camino – Montelungo– San Pietro Infine – Fiume Moro...
Chiesa di San Maurizio al Monastero MaggioreStato Italia RegioneLombardia LocalitàMilano IndirizzoCorso Magenta, 13 - 20123 Milano (MI) e Corso Magenta 13 Coordinate45°27′56.38″N 9°10′44.11″E45°27′56.38″N, 9°10′44.11″E Religionecattolica di rito ambrosiano Titolaresan Maurizio Arcidiocesi Milano Consacrazione1518 ArchitettoGian Giacomo Dolcebuono e Giovanni Antonio Amadeo Stile architettonicorinascimentale Sito webwww.museoarcheologicomilano.it/oltre-il-museo/la-chie...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Indignados. Mouvement des Indignés La Puerta del Sol (Madrid), lieu des principales manifestations, le 20 mai 2011. Informations Date 15 mai 2011-2015 Localisation Espagne Caractéristiques Organisateurs La vraie démocratie maintenant !Divers collectifs Participants 6 à 8,5 millions Revendications Démocratie directe, défense de l'État-providence, fin de la crise économique espagnole, du bipartisme et de la corruption politique Actions Manifestati...
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Андреев; Андреев, Андрей.Андрей Александрович Андреев Дата рождения 5 (18) мая 1907 Место рождения Смоленск, Российская империя Дата смерти 18 марта 1999(1999-03-18) (91 год) Место смерти Новосибирск, Россия Страна Рос...
General Juan N. Álvarez International AirportAeropuerto Internacional General Juan N. ÁlvarezIATA: ACAICAO: MMAA ACALocation of airport in MexicoInformasiJenisPublicPengelolaGrupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte (OMA)MelayaniAcapulcoLokasiAcapulco, Guerrero, MexicoKetinggian dpl4 mdplKoordinat16°45′21.7″N 099°45′05.8″W / 16.756028°N 99.751611°W / 16.756028; -99.751611Landasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan m kaki 06/24 1,700 5,579 Beton 10/28 3,302 10,8...
