Upsilon meson

Upsilon (ϒ)
	A plot of the invariant mass of muon pairs, from the Upsilon particle discovery paper. The peak at about 9.5 GeV is due to the contribution of the Upsilon meson.
Composition	bb
Statistics	Bosonic
Family	Mesons
Interactions	Strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravity
Symbol	ϒ
Antiparticle	Self
Discovered	E288 experiment (1977)
Types	1
Mass	9.46030(26) GeV/c2
Mean lifetime	1.21×10−20 s
Electric charge	0 e
Spin	1
Isospin	0
Hypercharge	0
Parity	-1
C parity	-1

The Upsilon meson (ϒ) is a quarkonium state (i.e. flavourless meson) formed from a bottom quark and its antiparticle.

It was discovered by the E288 experiment team, headed by Leon Lederman, at Fermilab in 1977.^[1]^[2] It has a lifetime of 1.21×10⁻²⁰ s and a mass about 9.46 GeV/c² in the ground state.

Overview

There are many species of bottomonium known, but the ones generated by e-e+ colliding beams (or proton-nucleus collisions decaying to →μ⁺μ^- + X) are the ones generally referred to as upsilon mesons.^[3]^[4]

Thus, among the bound bb bottomonium species, the S-state^[a] triplet^[b] resonances are identified as upsilons, and are assigned the shorthand notations ϒ (S1), ϒ (S2), ϒ (S3), etc.,^[c] where the numbers 1, 2, 3 represent the principal quantum number n. ^[5]^[d]

Alternately, the notation parenthesizing the measured mass in MeV is used, e.g. Υ(10860).^[6]^[7] In the narrow sense, "Upsilon particle" refers strictly to the Υ(1S).^[9]

As clear from its quark structure, the Upsilon meson carries no charge or flavor, and has 0 isospin.

The zero spin state should have a lighter mass by about 0.1 to 1% according to quantum chromodynamics.^{[citation needed]}

Discovery

Lederman's E288 experiment team at Fermilab had made a preliminary finding of a resonance at 9.5 Gev in November 1976, but was more reticent in announcing it because earlier they had prematurely announced a 6 Gev resonance event (which they were planning to name upsilon; cf. Oops-Leon) with their equipment in dielectron (e+e-) mode; this find did not pan out and ultimately could not be confirmed.^[10]^[1]^[11] However, with their equipment converted to dimuon (+-) mode with increased sensitivity upped 100 times, they began measurement in May 1977 and clearly confirmed resonance peaks at 9.4/9.5. 10. 10.4GeV (cf. § Resonance states under S1, S2, S3)^[e]^[12] ^[1] These peaks were verified by the German team using DESY's DORIS storage ring.^[8]^[13]

The upsilon was the first particle containing a bottom quark to be discovered because it is the lightest that can be produced without additional massive particles.^{[citation needed]}^[f]

Resonant states

Υ(1S)

Mass measured at 9460.30±0.26MeV (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Particle Data Group, 2008)^[15]

Lifeime of about > 10^-20 ^[17] calculated from measured energy width to 1.21×10^-20s.^[18]^[20]

The types of decay modes are diverse, with electron pair, muon pair, tauon pair decays (all three lepton decays) each occurring at 2.5% frequency.^[15]

The short lifetime (τ) is calculable from the usual formula τ ΔE= h/2π, so in the subsequent sections, the listing of the lifetimes will be eschewed.

Υ(2S)

Mass measured at 10.02326±0.00031GeV^[21]。

Here again, decay modes are diverse, decaying into Υ(1S) and charged pion pair, approx. 20% of the time, into Υ(1S) and neutral π pair, approx. 10%, and into lepton (e、μ、τ) pairs, about 2% each.^[21]

A B-factory at SLAC's PEP-II accelerator postponed the termination of operation by 2 months to conduct experiments starting February 2008 to generate Υ(2S) and Υ(3S) (cf. below). While the data remained to be fully analyzed, the team announced in the fall of 2008 that they discovered the spin 0 ground state bottomonium corresponding to the spin 1 Υ(1S) state. The published mass difference with Υ(1S) was 71.4^+2.3_−3.1±2.7MeV.^[22]

Υ(3S)

Mass measured at 10.3552±0.0005GeV^[23]

Again, diversely decaying into Υ(2S)+X (such as pion pairs), approx. 10%、Υ(1S)+X (such as pion pairs), also lepton (μ、τ) pairs, about 2% apiece, but e⁺e^{^} decay is quite rare.^[23]

Υ(4S)

Also called Υ(10580)とも呼ばれる。質量は、10.5794±0.0012GeV^[24]。

Nearly completely decays (>96%) into B meson pairs, almost fifty-fifty between charged pairs and uncharged pairs.^[24]

Thus for B meson research, this Υ(4S) mode of resonance is of great importance, and its research has been undertaken by various B-factories (up to c. 1999).^[25]。

Υ(10860)

Also called Y(5S).^[6]。 Measured mass of 10.865±0.008GeV^[7]

Main decay mode into B meson pairs only or with 1 or 2 pions, about 60% of the time, and into charm B meson pairs, about 20% of the time.^[7]

In this 2008 data report, the strange B meson (B
_s) decay is also tentatively reported.^[g]^[7] The energy threshold was also met by Japan's [[KEKB (accelerator)]KEKB]] accelerator whose "Belle" B factory experiment also contemplated the strange B meson decay.^[6] The successes of Y(4S) research has led to the advent of studying Y(5S) at the higher lumonsities From around 2008.^[6]

Υ(11020)

Mass measured at 11.019±0.008GeV.^[26]

The decay modes are unclear except a small percentage of electron pair decays, as of 2008.^[26]。

Explanatory notes

^ The S-state is orbital angular momentum L=0.
^ With total spin S =1, the multiplicity 2S+1 =3, i.e., a triplet.
^ Or Upsilon (S1), written out.
^ Sudaresan explains in terms of the standard spectral notation (term symbol) expressed as

$^{2S+1}L_{J}$

where S is total spin, 2S+1 the multiplicity =3 (triplet), the orbital angular momentum L=0 represented as "S" for S-state, and J the total angular momentum quantum number=1.
^ They referred to the 3 peaks at the time by the shorthand Υ, Υ (upsilon prime), and Υ (upsilon double prime).^[8]
^ Also, the Lederman team concentrated on lepton beam experiments (dielectron or dimuon decay), even reconfirming the J/ψ found at SLAC. Other teams preferred to do hadron beams at the time "the techiques needed to do experiments with hadron beams simply didn't exist", recalled Fermilab physicist Joseph Lach.^[14]
^ Asterisk(*)ed.

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Yoh (1998), p. 29.
^ Hoddeson, Lillian; Kolb, Adrienne W.; Westfall, Catherine (2009). "Chapter 7. A User's Paradise 1968–1972. §The Road to the Upsilon/ §The Discovery of the Usilon, February 1977-June 1977". Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience. University of Chicago Press. pp. 183, 189–193. ISBN 9780226346250.
^ ^a ^b Sundaresan, Monsur K. (2017). "Upsilon Particles". Handbook of Particle Physics. CRC Press. p. 421–422. ISBN 978-1-4200-4205-4.
^ Cottingham, W. Noel; Greenwood, Derek A. (1998), "Chapter 1. The particle physicist's view of Nature", An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press, p. 9, ISBN 9780521588324
^ "the upsilon (1S).. upsilon (4S) can be identified with the spin triplet S-wave bound states of the bb system".^[3]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kinoshita, Kay (2009). "Results from ϒ (5S) at Belle: Strange Beauty and Other Beasts". In Astbury, Alan (ed.). Fundamental Interactions: Proceedings of the 23rd Lake Louise Winter Institute, Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, 18-23 February, 2008. World Scientific. p. 278. ISBN 9789814280945.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(10860)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)
^ ^a ^b ^c Lederman & Teresi (2006), p. 322.
^ As in the case with upsilon, upsilon prime, etc., above.^[8]
^ Lederman & Teresi (2006), p. 321.
^ Hoddeson, Kolb & Westfall (2009), pp. 187–188.
^ Lederman & Teresi (2006), p. 320.
^ Hoddeson, Kolb & Westfall (2009), p. 192.
^ Hoddeson, Kolb & Westfall (2009), pp. 181–182.
^ ^a ^b ^c Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(1S)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)
^ Daintith, John; Martin, Elizabeth A., eds. (2010). "Elementary particles". A Dictionary of Science. Oxford University Press. p. 281. ISBN 9780199561469.
^ Longer than J/ψ.^[16]。
^ As reiterated below, the lifetime is determined by dividing h/2π=ℏ=6.582119568 ×10−16 eV⋅Hz−1 by the measured energy width "54.02±1.25 " keV value (published by the Particle Data Group^[15]).
^ Warren, Kevin; Baugher, Kate (2017-07-13), Relationship of half-life and decay widths
^ Other sources publish 1.21×10^-20, e.g. Warren & Baugher (2017), ^[19] though that data refers more specifically to muon pair decay.
^ ^a ^b Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(2S)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)
^ Schwarzschild, Bertram (1 September 2008). "The ground state of bottomonium has finally been found". Phys.Today. 61 (9): 14–17. doi:10.1063/1.2982108.
^ ^a ^b Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(3S)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)
^ ^a ^b Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(4S) or ϒ(10580)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)
^ Aleksan, Roy (1999). "Quark Mixing and CP Violation". In Ferbel, Thomas (ed.). Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics X. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 574. ISBN 0-7923-5729-9.
^ ^a ^b Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(11020)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)

Bibliography

Hom, D.C.; et al. (1977). "Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 Gev in 400-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 39 (5): 252–255. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39..252H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252.

Lederman, Leon M.; Teresi, Dick (2006) [1993]. The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, what is the Question?. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780618711680.

Yoh, John (1998). "The Discovery of the b Quark at Fermilab in 1977: The Experiment Coordinator's Story" (PDF). AIP Conference Proceedings. 424: 29–42. Bibcode:1998AIPC..424...29Y. doi:10.1063/1.55114.

[5] The S-state is orbital angular momentum L=0.

[6] With total spin S =1, the multiplicity 2S+1 =3, i.e., a triplet.

[7] Or Upsilon (S1), written out.

[9] Sudaresan explains in terms of the standard spectral notation (term symbol) expressed as

$^{2S+1}L_{J}$

where S is total spin, 2S+1 the multiplicity =3 (triplet), the orbital angular momentum L=0 represented as "S" for S-state, and J the total angular momentum quantum number=1.

[16] They referred to the 3 peaks at the time by the shorthand Υ, Υ (upsilon prime), and Υ (upsilon double prime).^[8]

[20] Also, the Lederman team concentrated on lepton beam experiments (dielectron or dimuon decay), even reconfirming the J/ψ found at SLAC. Other teams preferred to do hadron beams at the time "the techiques needed to do experiments with hadron beams simply didn't exist", recalled Fermilab physicist Joseph Lach.^[14]

[32] Asterisk(*)ed.

[FOOTNOTEYoh199829-1] Yoh (1998), p. 29.

[hoddeson&kolb&westfall2009-2] Hoddeson, Lillian; Kolb, Adrienne W.; Westfall, Catherine (2009). "Chapter 7. A User's Paradise 1968–1972. §The Road to the Upsilon/ §The Discovery of the Usilon, February 1977-June 1977". Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience. University of Chicago Press. pp. 183, 189–193. ISBN 9780226346250.

[sundaresan2017-3] Sundaresan, Monsur K. (2017). "Upsilon Particles". Handbook of Particle Physics. CRC Press. p. 421–422. ISBN 978-1-4200-4205-4.

[cottingham&greenwood1998-4] Cottingham, W. Noel; Greenwood, Derek A. (1998), "Chapter 1. The particle physicist's view of Nature", An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press, p. 9, ISBN 9780521588324

[8] "the upsilon (1S).. upsilon (4S) can be identified with the spin triplet S-wave bound states of the bb system".^[3]

[kinoshita2009-10] Kinoshita, Kay (2009). "Results from ϒ (5S) at Belle: Strange Beauty and Other Beasts". In Astbury, Alan (ed.). Fundamental Interactions: Proceedings of the 23rd Lake Louise Winter Institute, Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, 18-23 February, 2008. World Scientific. p. 278. ISBN 9789814280945.

[amsler-etal2008-upsilon10860-11] Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(10860)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)

[FOOTNOTELedermanTeresi2006322-12] Lederman & Teresi (2006), p. 322.

[13] As in the case with upsilon, upsilon prime, etc., above.^[8]

[FOOTNOTELedermanTeresi2006321-14] Lederman & Teresi (2006), p. 321.

[FOOTNOTEHoddesonKolbWestfall2009187–188-15] Hoddeson, Kolb & Westfall (2009), pp. 187–188.

[FOOTNOTELedermanTeresi2006320-17] Lederman & Teresi (2006), p. 320.

[FOOTNOTEHoddesonKolbWestfall2009192-18] Hoddeson, Kolb & Westfall (2009), p. 192.

[FOOTNOTEHoddesonKolbWestfall2009181–182-19] Hoddeson, Kolb & Westfall (2009), pp. 181–182.

[amsler-etal2008-upsilon1S-21] Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(1S)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)

[OxfDictSci-elementary-22] Daintith, John; Martin, Elizabeth A., eds. (2010). "Elementary particles". A Dictionary of Science. Oxford University Press. p. 281. ISBN 9780199561469.

[23] Longer than J/ψ.^[16]。

[24] As reiterated below, the lifetime is determined by dividing h/2π=ℏ=6.582119568 ×10−16 eV⋅Hz−1 by the measured energy width "54.02±1.25 " keV value (published by the Particle Data Group^[15]).

[warren&baugher2017-25] Warren, Kevin; Baugher, Kate (2017-07-13), Relationship of half-life and decay widths

[26] Other sources publish 1.21×10^-20, e.g. Warren & Baugher (2017), ^[19] though that data refers more specifically to muon pair decay.

[amsler-etal2008-upsilon2S-27] Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(2S)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)

[schwarzschild2008-28] Schwarzschild, Bertram (1 September 2008). "The ground state of bottomonium has finally been found". Phys.Today. 61 (9): 14–17. doi:10.1063/1.2982108.

[amsler-etal2008-upsilon3S-29] Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(3S)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)

[amsler-etal2008-upsilon4S-30] Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(4S) or ϒ(10580)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)

[aleksan1999-31] Aleksan, Roy (1999). "Quark Mixing and CP Violation". In Ferbel, Thomas (ed.). Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics X. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 574. ISBN 0-7923-5729-9.

[amsler-etal2008-upsilon11020-33] Amsler, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008), "ϒ(11020)" (PDF), Physics Letters B, 667 (1)

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