Tudḫaliya I

This article is about the first "Tudhaliya" of the Hittite New Kingdom. For other kings of the same name, see Tudhaliya.
Tudhaliya I
King of the Hittite Empire
PredecessorMuwatalli I
SuccessorḪattušili II ?
SpouseKattešḫapi ?
IssueḪattušili II ?
FatherKantuzzili
MotherWalanni ?

Tudḫaliya I (sometimes considered identical with Tudḫaliya II and called Tudḫaliya I/II [1] [2]) was a Hittite great king in the 15th century BC, ruling perhaps c. 1465–c. 1440 BC [3]

Identity

The numbering of Hittite kings named Tudḫaliya (Hittite: 𒌅𒌓𒄩𒇷𒅀 Tūdḫaliya) varies between scholars because of debate over the identity (or not) between the first two bearers of the name. This Tudḫaliya, now attested as the son of a certain Kantuzzili, succeeded Muwatalli I, after the latter was murdered by the officials Ḫimuili and Kantuzzili (not necessarily identical to Tudḫaliya's father).[4] The same or a distinct Tudḫaliya was the father-in-law and predecessor of Arnuwanda I.[5] Because of uncertainty, scholars are divided in the interpretation of the evidence. Many scholars envision a single Tudḫaliya (I [6] or I/II [7]), while others consider two separate kings, Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II.[8]

The rationale for maintaining a distinction between the two is presented by Jacques Freu, who notes, inter alia, that Tudḫaliya I was the son of the non-reigning Kantuzzili, while Tudḫaliya II writes that he ascended the throne as a youth after his father's death;[9] similarly, his sister Ziplantawiya was the daughter of a king.[10] Additionally, Freu posits that the Šunaššura Treaty between the Hittite Kingdom and Kizzuwatna reflects successive equal and unequal treaty arrangements under two different sets of kings on both sides,[11] discerns three Tudḫaliyas as predecessors of Muršili II on his "cruciform seal," [12] and argues that the Tudḫaliyas who engaged in repeated military action in Syria and in western Anatolia should be distinguished from each other to avoid an overly long reign.[13]

The treatment below tentatively follows Freu's distinction of two 15th-century BC Hittite great kings named Tudḫaliya.

Family

Tudḫaliya I was the son of a certain Kantuzzili, who is not known to have reigned or to have descended from an earlier Hittite monarch.[14] Most scholars readily assume that this Kantuzzili was identical to the Commander of the Golden Squires Kantuzzili, who (together with his apparent brother, the Chief Cupbearer Ḫimuili) murdered the preceding king, Muwatalli I, and also with the general Kantuzzili, who assisted Tudḫaliya I in repelling a Hurrian invasion in support of Muwatalli's Commander of the Guard Muwa.[15] On the other hand, Jacques Freu opposes the identification of Tudḫaliya's father Kantuzilli with the regicide Kantuzilli on the grounds of consistent contextual incompatibility between their attestations in the sources, but allows for the possibility that he is identical to the general who fought the Hurrians.[16] Prior to the publication of the seal impression naming Kantuzilli as Tudḫaliya's father, Stefano De Martino suggested that the regicides Ḫimuili and Kantuzzili were Tudḫaliya's sons, who had placed their father on the throne.[17] Onofrio Carruba and Freu propose that Tudḫaliya's mother was Walanni, attested in the royal offerings lists, and who might have been a daughter of the earlier king Zidanta II.[18] It is also sometimes conjectured that Tudḫaliya was a grandson of the earlier king Ḫuzziya.[19] Freu suggested that Tudḫaliya I was married to the obscure great queen Kattešḫapi attested at about this time,[20] and was the father of a short-lived Ḫattušili II and the grandfather of Tudḫaliya II.[21]

If Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II were one and the same individual, his queen would have been Nikkal-mati, his daughter Ašmu-Nikkal, and his son-in-law and successor, Arnuwanda I.

Reign

Tudḫaliya I ascended the throne on the murder of his predecessor Muwatalli I, possibly in c. 1465 BC. Tudḫaliya appears to have pardoned and purified the regicides, the brothers Ḫimuili and Kantuzzili, although their relation to him remains obscure.[22] Muwattali's Commander of the Guard, Muwa, may have murdered a queen in retribution, and then attempted to stage a revolution with the help of Hurrians led by Kartašura. King Tudḫaliya and his general Kantuzzili (the regicide? the king's father?) defeated the enemy.[23]

Having secured his eastern flank, Tudḫaliya I apparently decided to assert himself in the south. According to Freu's reconstruction of the evidence, he was responsible for the earlier, equal treaty between a Hittite king and Šunaššura I of Kizzuwatna, which allowed the king of Kizzuwatna full freedom to support the Hittite king against his enemies or remain neutral; the Hittites's primary objective at this point might have been securing unimpeded passage into Syria.[24] Partly on the basis of the Middle Hittite language of the text, Freu argues that during the subsequent southern assertion of Hittite power, the Hittite king concluded the so-called Kuruštama Treaty with Egypt, whose king at that time, Thutmose III (1479–1425 BC) had been active in northern Syria and at one time reached the Euphrates.[25] Additionally, Freu believes that Tudḫaliya concluded unequal treaties with the petty rulers of Alalaḫ/Mukiš, Emar/Aštata, and Nuhašše, all now lost or very fragmentary, as in the case of his treaty with Tunip on the Orontes.[26] A much later source, the treaty between the Hittite great king Muršili II and his nephew, Talmi-Šarruma of Aleppo, related Tudḫaliya's conclusion of a treaty with Aleppo. When Aleppo abandoned its alliance with Tudḫaliya in favor of Mittani, Tudḫaliya defeated Aleppo and its Mittanian allies and destroyed the city.[27]

If Tudḫaliya I and Tudḫaliya II were one and the same individual, the wars of Tudḫaliya II in western and northern Anatolia would also pertain to this reign. See Tudḫaliya II.


Hittite New Kingdom royal family tree according to Trevor Bryce
  • (1) = 1st spouse
  • (2) = 2nd spouse
  • Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna.
  • Dashed lines indicate adoption.
  • Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical).
References:
  • Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Jacques Freu (2007). Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite. Paris, France: L'Harmattan.
  • Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
Notes:
  1. ^ Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was possibly a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II; the first Tudhaliya is now known to be the son of Kantuzzili (Bryce 1997, p. 131 suggested Himuili, but the new edition, Bryce 2005, p. 122, indicated Kantuzzili).
  2. ^ Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133); the link points to Tudhaliya II. Among those who identify distinct kings Tudhaliya I and Tudhaliya II, Freu (2007) has Kantuzzili—his son Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II (p. 311).
  3. ^ a b c Bryce (1997), p. 139.
  4. ^ The existence of Hattusili II is doubted by many scholars (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154; Bryce 2005, p. 141). Among those who accept the existence of Hattusili II, Freu (2007), p. 311, has Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II.
  5. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 158.
  6. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 172.
  7. ^ a b c d Bryce (1997), p. 174.
  8. ^ a b Bryce (1997), p. 168.
  9. ^ Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).
  10. ^ ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).
  11. ^ a b c d King (lugal) of Carchemish.
  12. ^ Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.
  13. ^ Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).
  14. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 227.
  15. ^ a b c Bryce (1997), p. 230.
  16. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 220.
  17. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 222.
  18. ^ Haas (2006), p. 91.
  19. ^ Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).
  20. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 296.
  21. ^ Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).
  22. ^ Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.
  23. ^ King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).
  24. ^ Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).
  25. ^ Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.
  26. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 332.
  27. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).
  28. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 363.
  29. ^ a b Bryce (1997), p. 361.
  30. ^ Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.
  31. ^ King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).
Hittite New Kingdom royal family tree according to Jacques Freu

A detailed and annotated genealogy of Hittite New Kingdom monarchs and their families, as reconstructed by Jacques Freu in his multi-volume work Les Hittites et leur histoire, presented as an alternative to the less detailed and sometimes differing reconstruction based on Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites.

References:
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007b), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris.
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2008), L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite, Paris.
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2010), Le déclin et la chute du nouvel empire hittite, Paris.
  • Freu, Jacques (2010–2011), "Le vase d'argent du musée des civilisations anatoliennes d'Ankara et la fin de l'empire hittite," Talanta 42–43 (2010–2011) 185-192.
Notes:
  1. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45.
  2. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24.
  3. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45.
  4. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 63-68.
  5. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 68.
  6. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97.
  7. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 76.
  8. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96.
  9. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99.
  10. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99.
  11. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155.
  12. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 161-162, considering the two names variants, referring to the same queen.
  13. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155-156, additionally suggesting to identify him with Tudḫaliya the Younger.
  14. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-200.
  15. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-201.
  16. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 198-201.
  17. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 257.
  18. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211.
  19. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211, 273, 276.
  20. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 275.
  21. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 278, 284.
  22. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 284.
  23. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 19.
  24. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 62-65.
  25. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 65-67.
  26. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87.
  27. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87.
  28. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 128-129, 153.
  29. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165-169.
  30. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87.
  31. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 130, 222.
  32. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87, 163.
  33. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 149-150.
  34. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 164, 201.
  35. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 65.
  36. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165, 201-203.
  37. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 20-21, rejecting the alternative reading "Ḫišmi-Šarruma."
  38. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 177-178.
  39. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 178-180.
  40. ^ Freu 2010–2011: 190-191.
  41. ^ Freu 2010: 189.
  42. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201-202.
  43. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201, 203-204.
  44. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 66.
  45. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67-68.
  46. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239.
  47. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239.
  48. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 240-241.
  49. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210.
  50. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210.
  51. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166.
  52. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67.
  53. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 69.
  54. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 289.
  55. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148-149.
  56. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148.
  57. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148.
  58. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148.
  59. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-98.
  60. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97.


In the Bible

A number of modern biblical scholars believe that either Tudhaliya I, or the proto-Hittite Tudhaliya, was the same individual as Tidal, king of Nations, who is mentioned in the Book of Genesis as having joined Chedorlaomer in attacking rebels in Canaan.[28]

References

  1. ^ Bryce 2005: 121-123.
  2. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2010). The Kingdom of the Hittites (New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–123. ISBN 9780199281329.
  3. ^ Freu 2007b: 311; Kuhrt 1995: 230 dates him within the range 1430–1400 BC.
  4. ^ Wilhelm 2004: 75; Bryce 2005: 122; Freu 2007a: 180-183; Freu 2007b: 20-21; Weeden 2022: 561.
  5. ^ Bryce 2005: 128-129; Freu 2007b: 98, 102-103; Weeden 2022: 569.
  6. ^ Astour 1989: 74; Beckman 2000: 25-27; Weeden 2022: 560-569.
  7. ^ Klengel 1999: 104; Bryce 2005: 122-123.
  8. ^ Kuhrt 1995: 230; Carruba 2005: 264-267; Freu 2007b: 18-45.
  9. ^ Freu 2007b: 22; Wilhelm 2004: 75 n. 19 suggested that this problem can be avoided by positing that Kantuzzili did reign, for which there is no evidence.
  10. ^ Freu 2007b: 97-98.
  11. ^ Freu 2007b: 23-27; Beckman 1996: 13-14 thought they were successive arrangements under a single Hittite king.
  12. ^ Freu 2007b: 27-28.
  13. ^ Freu 2007b: 29.
  14. ^ Otten 2000: 375-376; Bryce 2005: 122; Freu 2007a: 180-183; Freu 2007b: 20-21; Weeden 2022: 561.
  15. ^ Wilhelm 2004: 75; Bryce 2005: 121-122; Carruba 2005: 254; Weeden 2022: 561.
  16. ^ Freu 2007a: 180-181; Freu 2007b: 37-45.
  17. ^ De Martino 1991.
  18. ^ Carruba 2005: 255; Freu 2007a: 181-183; Freu 2007b: 24.
  19. ^ Bryce 2005: 121-122; Weeden 2022: 560, 562; Beckman 2000: 26-27 suggested that Tudḫaliya was Ḫuzziya's son, but this is now disproved by the new evidence; Bryce 1997: 131 had suggested that Tudḫaliya was Ḫimuili's son, but the new edition, Bryce 2005: 122 updated this to reflect the evidence that the king's father was Kantuzzili.
  20. ^ Freu 2007b: 63-68; Carruba 2005: 261 prefers to pair Kattešḫapi with Ḫattušili II.
  21. ^ Freu 2007a: 180-181; Freu 2007b: 18-32.
  22. ^ Freu 2007b: 36-37.
  23. ^ Bryce 2005: 121-122; Freu 2007b: 41-45.
  24. ^ Freu 2007b: 46-48; cf. Beckman 1996: 13-22; Bryce 2005: 139-140.
  25. ^ Freu 2007b: 51-53.
  26. ^ Freu 2007b: 53-56.
  27. ^ Freu 2007b: 48, 56-57; Beckman 1996: 88-90; Bryce 2005: 140.
  28. ^ Peake's commentary on the Bible

Bibliography

  • Beckman, Gary (1996), Hittite Diplomatic Texts, Atlanta.
  • Beckman, Gary (2000), "Hittite Chronology," Akkadica 119-120 (2000) 19-32.
  • Bryce, Trevor (2005), The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford.
  • Carruba, Onofrio (2005), "Tuthalija 00I.* (und Hattusili II.)," Altorientalische Forschungen 32 (2005) 246-271.
  • De Martino, Stefano (1991) "Himuili, Kantuzzili e la presa del potere da parte di Tuthaliya," Eothen 4 (1991) 5-21.
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007a), Des origins à la fin de l’ancien royaume hittite, Paris.
  • Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007b), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris.
  • Klengel, Horst (1999), Geschichte des Hethitischen Reiches, Leiden.
  • Kuhrt, Amélie (1995), The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, vol. 1., London.
  • Otten, Heinrich (2000), "Ein Siegelabdruck Dutḫalijaš I.(?)," Archäologischer Anzeiger 2000: 375-376.
  • Weeden, Mark (2022), "The Hittite Empire," in Karen Radner et al. (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, vol. 3 (From the * Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC), Oxford: 529-622.
  • Wilhelm, Gernot (2004), "Generation Count in Hittite Chronology," in Herman Hunger and Regine Pruzsinszky, eds., Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited, Vienna, 71-79.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Hittite king
c. 1465–c. 1440 BC 		Succeeded by

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László Keglovich

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento calciatori ungheresi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori ungheresi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. László Kegl...

詹姆斯·卡拉漢

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2023年12月1日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年4月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能�...

 

Overlord (2018 film)

Film directed by Julius Avery OverlordTheatrical release posterDirected byJulius AveryScreenplay by Billy Ray Mark L. Smith Story byBilly RayProduced by J. J. Abrams Lindsey Weber Starring Jovan Adepo Wyatt Russell Mathilde Ollivier John Magaro Gianny Taufer Pilou Asbæk Bokeem Woodbine Iain De Caestecker Cinematography Laurie Rose Fabian Wagner Edited byMatt EvansMusic byJed KurzelProductioncompanies Paramount Pictures[1] Bad Robot[1] Distributed byParamount Pictures[1 ...

 

COBOL

Programming language with English-like syntax COBOLThe COBOL 60 report to CODASYL (April 1960)ParadigmProcedural, imperative, object-oriented, genericDesigned byHoward Bromberg, Norman Discount, Vernon Reeves, Jean E. Sammet, William Selden, Gertrude Tierney, with indirect influence from Grace Hopper[1]DevelopersCODASYL, ANSI, ISO/IECFirst appeared1959; 65 years ago (1959)Stable releaseISO/IEC 1989:2023 / 2023 Typing disciplineWeak, staticFilename extension...

Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg

Hungarian-Croatian army officer and mycologist Stephan Schulzer von MüggenburgBorn(1802-12-19)December 19, 1802Viduševac, Kingdom of Croatia, Habsburg EmpireDiedFebruary 5, 1892(1892-02-05) (aged 89)Vinkovci, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-HungaryCitizenshipHungarianAwardsGenus Schulzeria (Agaricales) bears his nameScientific careerFieldsMycologyAuthor abbrev. (botany)Schulzer Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg (December 19, 1802 – February 5, 1892) was a Hungarian-Croatian ...

 

Université du Québec à Montréal

Université du Québec à Montréal Universitet Land  Kanada Provins Québec Region Montréal Höjdläge 28 m ö.h. Koordinater 45°30′44″N 73°33′38″V / 45.51227°N 73.56055°V / 45.51227; -73.56055 Tidszon EST (UTC-5)  - sommartid EDT (UTC-4) Geonames 7670985 Université du Québec à Montréal är ett universitet i Kanada.[1] Det ligger i regionen Montréal och provinsen Québec, i den sydöstra delen av landet, 170 km öste...