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Taiwan
Taiwan
	"Taiwan" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese	臺灣 or 台灣
Simplified Chinese	台湾
Postal	Taiwan
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Táiwān
Bopomofo	ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Tair'uan
Wade–Giles	Tʻai²-wan¹
Tongyong Pinyin	Táiwan
MPS2	Táiwān
IPA	[tʰǎɪ.wán]
other Mandarin
Dungan	Тэван
Wu
Romanization	The平-uae平; [d̥e uɛ]
Xiang
IPA	dwɛ13 ua44
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ	Thòi-vàn or; Thòi-vân
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Tòihwāan
Jyutping	Toi4waan1
IPA	[tʰɔj˩.wan˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Tâi-oân
Tâi-lô	Tâi-uân
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC	Dài-uăng
Abbreviation
Traditional Chinese	臺 or 台
Simplified Chinese	台
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Tái
Bopomofo	ㄊㄞˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Tair
Wade–Giles	Tʻai²
Tongyong Pinyin	Tái
MPS2	Tái
IPA	[tʰǎɪ]
Wu
Romanization	The平; [d̥e]
Xiang
IPA	dwɛ13
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ	Thòi
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Tòih
Jyutping	Toi4
IPA	[tʰɔj˩]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Tâi
Tâi-lô	Tâi
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC	Dài
Taiwan Province
Traditional Chinese	臺灣省 or 台灣省
Simplified Chinese	台湾省
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Táiwān Shěng
Bopomofo	ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢㄕㄥˇ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Tair'uan Sheeng
Wade–Giles	Tʻai²-wan¹ Shêng³
Tongyong Pinyin	Táiwan Shěng
MPS2	Táiwān Shěng
IPA	[tʰǎɪ.wán ʂə̀ŋ]
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ	Thòi-vàn-sén or; Thòi-vân-sén
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Tòihwāan Sáang
Jyutping	Toi4waan1 Saang2
IPA	[tʰɔj˩.wan˥ saŋ˧˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Tâi-oân-séng
Tâi-lô	Tâi-uân-síng
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC	Dài-uăng sēng

Taiwan Province

臺灣省
Taiwan Province 臺灣省
Province
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese	臺灣省 (Táiwān Shěng)
• Abbreviation	TW / 臺 (pinyin: Tái; Hokkien: Tâi; Hakka: Thòi)
• Hokkien POJ	Tâi-oân-séng
• Hakka PFS	Thòi-vàn-sén or Thòi-vân-sén
	Flag Seal
	Map depicting subdivisions nominally part of the province (red)
	Coordinates: 23°48′N 121°00′E / 23.8°N 121.0°E
Country	Republic of China
Established from Fujian	1887
Secession to Japan	17 April 1895
Placed under the control of the ROC	25 October 1945
Streamlined	21 December 1998
Governmental functions removed	1 July 2018
Provincial capital	Zhongxing New Village (1956-2018) ; Taipei (1945–1956)
Largest city	Hsinchu
Divisions	11 counties, 3 cities
Government
• Type	Province (nominal)
• Body	National Development Council
Area
• Total	25,110.0037 km2 (9,695.0266 sq mi)
Population (2020)
• Total	7,060,473
• Density	280/km2 (730/sq mi)
Demonym	Taiwanese
Time zone	UTC+08:00 (NST)

Taiwan Province (Chinese: 臺灣省; pinyin: Táiwān Shěng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân-séng; PFS: Thòi-vàn-sén or Thòi-vân-sén) is a de jure administrative division of the Republic of China (ROC). Provinces remain a titular division as a part of the Constitution of the Republic of China, but are no longer considered to have any administrative function practically.^[2]^[3]

Taiwan Province covers approximately 69% of the island of Taiwan, and comprises around 31% of the total population. The province initially covered the entire island of Taiwan (Formosa), Penghu (the Pescadores), Orchid Island, Green Island, Xiaoliuqiu Island, and their surrounding islands. Between 1967 and 2014, six special municipalities (Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei and Taoyuan) were split off from the province, all in the most populous regions.

Taiwan was initially made a prefecture of Fujian Province by the Qing dynasty of China after its conquest of the Kingdom of Tungning in 1683. Following the French offensive in northern Taiwan during the Sino-French War, the island's strategic position in maritime security and defence was re-evaluated and given prominence by the Qing.^[4] Under the auspices of Liu Ming-chuan, a plan was commenced to develop Taiwan into a stand-alone division. In 1887, Taiwan was designated as a distinct province (namely "Fujian-Taiwan Province"; Chinese: 福建臺灣省), with Liu as the first governor, but the island was then ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895, following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War. After the surrender of Japan in World War II, the province was re-established on Taiwan by the Kuomintang (KMT)-led Nationalist Government in September 1945 and it became the last stronghold of the KMT government after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War. The provincial capital of Taipei has correspondingly become the provisional capital of the ROC central government since 1949.

During the constitutional reform initiated in 1996, the ROC authorities decided to downsize the provincial structure to solve the problem of overlapping personnel and administrative resources between the provincial and central governments, and cut excessive public spending.^[5] The provinces were streamlined and ceased to be self-governing bodies in December 1998, with their administrative functions transferred to the Executive Yuan's subsidiary National Development Council, as well as second-tier local governments such as counties. In July 2018, all provincial governmental organs were formally abolished, with their budget and personnel removed.^[3]^[6]

History

Qing Empire

In 1683, Zheng Keshuang (third ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning and a grandson of Koxinga), surrendered to the Qing Empire following a naval engagement with Admiral Shi Lang. The Qing then ruled the Taiwanese archipelago (including Penghu) as Taiwan Prefecture of Fujian Province. In 1875, Taipeh Prefecture was separated from Taiwan Prefecture. In 1885, work commenced under the auspices of Liu Ming-chuan to develop Taiwan into a province. In 1887, the island was designated as a province (officially "Fujian-Taiwan Province"; Chinese: 福建臺灣省), with Liu as the first governor.^[7] The province was also reorganized into four prefectures, eleven districts, and three sub-prefectures.^[8]^[9] The provincial capital, or "Taiwan-fu", was intended to be moved from the south (modern-day Tainan) to the more central area of Toatun (modern-day Taichung) in the revamped Taiwan Prefecture.^[10] As the new central Taiwan-fu was still under construction, the capital was temporarily moved north to Taipeh (modern-day Taipei), which eventually was designated the provincial capital.

Divisions of Taiwan (Formosa) as a province^[11]
Circuit	Prefectures	Districts	Sub-Prefectures
Taiwan	Taipeh	Tamsui	Kelung
		Gilan
		Hsinchu
	Taiwan	Taiwan (臺灣縣)
		Changwha	Puli
		Yunlin
		Miaoli
	Tainan	Anping	Penghu
		Kagi
		Fengshan
		Hengchun
	Taitung

Empire of Japan

In 1895, the entire Taiwan Province, including Penghu, was ceded to Japan following the First Sino-Japanese War through the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Under Japanese rule, the province was abolished in favour of Japanese-style divisions. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, Taiwan was handed over to the Republic of China (ROC).

Republic of China

The ROC government immediately established the Taiwan Provincial Government under first Chief Executive and government-general Chen Yi in September 1945.^[12]^[13] Chen was extremely unpopular and his rule led to an uprising – the February 28 Incident of 1947. Chen was recalled in May 1947 and the government-general position was abolished.

When the Republic of China government was relocated to Taipei in 1949 as a result of the Kuomintang's (KMT) defeat by the Chinese Communist Party forces in the Chinese Civil War, the provincial administration remained in place under the claim that the ROC was still the government of all of China even though the opposition argued that it overlapped inefficiently with the national government.

The seat of the provincial government was moved from Taipei to Zhongxing New Village in 1956. Historically, Taiwan Province covers the entire island of Taiwan and all its associated islands. The city of Taipei was split off to become a province-level special municipality in 1967, and the city of Kaohsiung was split off in 1979 to become another special municipality. In December 2010, Kaohsiung County left the province and merged with the original Kaohsiung City to become an expanded Kaohsiung City, Taipei County became the special municipality named New Taipei City. The cities and counties of Taichung and Tainan were also merged, respectively, and elevated to special municipality. On 25 December 2014, Taoyuan County was upgraded into a special municipality and split off from Taiwan Province.

Until 1992, the governor of Taiwan province was appointed by the ROC central government. The office was often a stepping stone to higher office.

In 1992, the post of the governor of the province was opened to election. The then-opposition Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) agreed to retain the province with an elected governor in the hopes of creating a "Yeltsin effect" in which a popular local leader could overwhelm the national government. These hopes proved unfulfilled as then-Kuomintang member James Soong was elected governor of Taiwan province, defeating the DPP candidate Chen Ding-nan.

In 1997, as the result of an agreement between the KMT and the DPP, the powers of the provincial government were curtailed by constitutional amendments. The post of provincial governor was abolished. In addition, the provincial council was also replaced by the Taiwan Provincial Consultative Council. Although the stated purpose was administrative efficiency, Soong and his supporters claim that it was actually intended to impede James Soong's political life, though it did not have this effect.

The provincial administration was downscaled in 1998, most of its power handed to the central government. The counties and provincial cities under the province became the primary administrative divisions of the country.

Government

The position of the Chairperson of the Provincial Government, appointed by the central government, is retained to comply with the Constitution.

The major operations of the provincial government, such as managing provincial highways and the Bank of Taiwan, have been transferred to the Executive Yuan since 1998. In July 2018, all remaining duties were transferred to the National Development Council and other ministries of the Executive Yuan.^[14]^{[failed verification]}

The Taiwan Provincial Government was located in Zhongxing New Village, Nantou City, Nantou County between 1957 and 2018.

Divisions

History of divisions

In October 1945, The Government of the Republic of China reformed the eight(8) Japanese prefectures under the Government-General of Taiwan into 8 counties and 9 cities.

Year	Date	Division No.			Notes
Year	Date	Counties	Cities	Bureaus	Notes
1945	25 October	8	9		Counties: Hsinchu, Hualien, Kaohsiung, Penghu, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, and Taitung. Cities: Changhua, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Kaohsiung, Keelung, Pingtung, Taichung, Tainan, and Taipei. (with 2 county-controlled cities: Hualien and Yilan)
1949	26 August	8	9	1	Ts'ao-shan Administrative Bureau established from Taipei County
1950	1 April	8	9	1	Ts'ao-shan Administrative Bureau renamed to Yangmingshan Administrative Bureau
1950	16 August	16	5	1	Counties: Changhua, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Hualien, Kaohsiung, Miaoli, Nantou, Penghu, Pingtung, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taitung, Taoyuan, Yilan, and Yunlin Cities: Kaohsiung, Keelung, Taichung, Tainan, and Taipei. (Chiayi, Changhua, Hsinchu, and Pingtung downgraded to county-administered cities) Bureau: Yangmingshan Administrative Bureau
1967	1 July	16	4	1	Taipei became the first Taiwanese special municipality
1968	1 July	16	4		Yangmingshan Administrative Bureau merged into Taipei
1973	1 July	16	4	1	Li-shan Administrative Bureau established from Taichung County
1979	1 July	16	3	1	Kaohsiung became the second Taiwanese special municipality
1981	1 March	16	3		Li-shan Administrative Bureau merged back to Taichung County
1981	25 December	16	3		All county seats (originally urban townships) upgraded to county-administered cities.
1982	1 July	16	5		Upgrade Chiayi and Hsinchu to provincial cities (approved on 23 April 1981)
1998	21 December	16	5		Provincial government streamlined, all counties and cities are directly led by the Executive Yuan
2010	25 December	12	3		Upgrade Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan to special municipalities, which covers 4 counties (Kaohsiung, Taipei, Taichung, Tainan) and 2 cities (Taichung and Tainan).
2014	25 December	11	3		Upgrade Taoyuan to a special municipality.
2018	1 July	11	3		Provincial government defunct, all counties and cities are directly led by the Executive Yuan

Current divisions

Taiwan Province is nominally divided into 11 counties and 3 cities . All divisions are directly administered by the central government in practice.

Map	No.	Name		Mandarin (Pinyin)	Taiwanese (Pe̍h-ōe-jī)	Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14	1	Changhua County	彰化縣	Zhānghuà xiàn	Chiong-hoà koān	Chông-fa yen
	2	Chiayi City	嘉義市	Jiāyì shì	Ka-gī chhī	Kâ-ngi sṳ
	3	Chiayi County	嘉義縣	Jiāyì xiàn	Ka-gī koān	Kâ-ngi yen
	4	Hsinchu City	新竹市	Xīnzhú shì	Sin-tek chhī	Sîn-tsuk sṳ
	5	Hsinchu County	新竹縣	Xīnzhú xiàn	Sin-tek koān	Sîn-tsuk yen
	6	Hualien County	花蓮縣	Huālián xiàn	Hoa-liân koān	Fâ-lièn yen
	7	Keelung City	基隆市	Jīlóng shì	Ke-lâng chhī	Kî-lùng sṳ
	8	Miaoli County	苗栗縣	Miáolì xiàn	Biâu-le̍k koān	Mèu-li̍t yen
	9	Nantou County	南投縣	Nántóu xiàn	Lâm-tâu koān	Nàm-thèu yen
	10	Penghu County	澎湖縣	Pénghú xiàn	Phêⁿ-ô͘ koān	Phàng-fù yen
	11	Pingtung County	屏東縣	Píngdōng xiàn	Pîn-tong koān	Phìn-tûng yen
	12	Taitung County	臺東縣	Táidōng xiàn	Tâi-tang koān	Thòi-tûng yen
	13	Yilan County	宜蘭縣	Yílán xiàn	Gî-lân koān	Ngì-làn yen
	14	Yunlin County	雲林縣	Yúnlín xiàn	Hûn-lîm koān	Yùn-lìm yen

Note that the special municipalities of Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, and Taoyuan are both nominally under and directly administered by the central government. They are not parts of any province.

Sister states/provinces

Taiwan Province was twinned with 42 U.S. states:^[15]

Indiana (1979)
Utah (1980)
Oklahoma (1980)
Arizona (1980)
Missouri (1980)
Tennessee (1980)
West Virginia (1980)
Virginia (1981)
South Carolina (1981)
Kentucky (1982)
Colorado (1983)
Mississippi (1983)
Nebraska (1983)
Arkansas (1983)

Alabama (1983)
California (1984)
Idaho (1984)
Minnesota (1984)
Georgia (1984)
Wyoming (1984)
South Dakota (1984)
Louisiana (1985)
Ohio (1985)^[16]
New Mexico (1985)
Montana (1985)
Nevada (1985)
North Dakota (1986)
Wisconsin (1986)

Oregon (1986)
Texas (1988)
Alaska (1988)
New Jersey (1989)
Iowa (1989)
Kansas (1989)
North Carolina (1991)
Massachusetts (1992)
Florida (1992)^[17]
Illinois (1992)
Hawaii (1993)
Connecticut (1999)
Vermont (1999)
Delaware (2000)

Territorial disputes

The People's Republic of China (PRC) regards itself as the "successor state" of the Republic of China (ROC), which the PRC claims no longer legitimately exists, following establishment of the PRC on Mainland China. The PRC asserts itself to be the sole legitimate government of China, and claims Taiwan as its 23rd province, even though the PRC itself has never had control of Taiwan or other ROC-held territories. The ROC disputes this position, maintaining that it still legitimately exists and that the PRC has not succeeded it.

The PRC claims the entirety of the island of Taiwan and its nearby islands and islets, including the Penghu, as parts of its Taiwan Province, corresponding to the ROC's Taiwan Province before the special municipalities were split off. The PRC claims that Taiwan is a part of China, that the PRC succeeded the ROC as the sole legitimate authority in all of China upon its founding in 1949, and that therefore Taiwan is a part of the PRC.

The Senkaku Islands, which are currently administered by Japan, are disputed by both the ROC and the PRC, which claim them as the Tiaoyutai/Diaoyu Islands. The ROC government claims them as part of Toucheng Township, Yilan County.

Notes

^ 1945–2018: Taiwan Provincial Government

References

^ 賴清德拍板！省政府7月1日解散、省級機關預算將歸零. ettoday.net (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 28 June 2018.
^ "Local governments". Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b Sarah Shair-Rosenfield (November 2020). "Taiwan combined" (PDF). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects: Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. OL 6931635M.
^ Bi-yu Chang (24 March 2015), "The rise and fall of Sanminzhuyi Utopia", Place, Identity, and National Imagination in Post-war Taiwan, Routledge, pp. 136–138, ISBN 9781317658122.
^ Sherry Hsiao (29 June 2018). "Provincial-level agencies to be defunded next year". Taipei Times. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ Davidson (1903), p. 244 "During the French war, Liu Ming-chuan had been placed in sole command, responsible only to the central authorities. Under his superintendence, Formosa had been carried safely through the war, and it was now apparent that the exigencies of the times required that the island should be made an independent province, and that officials of high rank and undoubted ability should be henceforth placed in charge of it. Therefore, in 1887, the island was declared by Imperial decree an independent province, and the Imperial Commissioner Liu Ming-chuan was appointed the first governor."
^ Davidson (1903), p. 244: "A thorough reorganization and redivisioning of the island was now necessitated. In former days, Formosa comprised one complete prefecture, four districts, and three sub-prefectures. Now the island became a province with four prefectures (Taipeh, Taiwan, Tainan, and Taitung), eleven districts, and three sub-prefectures."
^ Campbell, William (1915). "Chapter XLIV: A Retrospect and a Forecast". Sketches from Formosa. London: Marshall Brothers. pp. 278–9. OL 7051071M.
^ Davidson (1903), pp. 244–5: "As a result of these changes and additions, the seat of government (which had been formerly at the old town of Taiwan-fu in the south, which city had been in turn the capital of the Dutch, Koxinga, and the Chinese,) was now removed temporarily to the new city of Taipeh, which had been lately in course of construction...In connection with this, it is necessary to go further and explain that it was the intention of the government to build a new capital city in the centre of the island near Changwha. Accordingly, the new city was laid out and the construction of official yamens commenced. The name of the new city became Taiwan-fu, or the capital city of Taiwan (Formosa), and it was also to be the seat of a new prefecture called Taiwan [Prefecture]."
^ adapted from Davidson (1903), p. 244
^ Huang, Yingzhe (黃英哲) (19 December 2007). 「去日本化」「再中國化」：戰後台灣文化重建（1945–1947) (PDF). 麥田出版社. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Chapter 1.
^ "Shaw Communications". members.shaw.ca.
^ "Taiwan Provincial Government Official Website". Archived from the original on 10 April 2003. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
^ "Taiwan Provincial Administration Information Hall". Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ "Welcome to the Ohio Department of Development". Archived from the original on 17 June 2009.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)