Sunflower County, Mississippi

Sunflower County
County
Sunflower County Courthouse
Sunflower County Courthouse
Map of Mississippi highlighting Sunflower County
Location within the U.S. state of Mississippi
Map of the United States highlighting Mississippi
Mississippi's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 33°37′N 90°36′W / 33.61°N 90.6°W / 33.61; -90.6
Country United States
State Mississippi
Founded1844
Named forSunflower River[1]
SeatIndianola
Largest cityIndianola
Area
 • Total
707 sq mi (1,830 km2)
 • Land698 sq mi (1,810 km2)
 • Water9.2 sq mi (24 km2)  1.3%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
25,971
 • Density37/sq mi (14/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district2nd
Websitesunflowercounty.ms.gov

Sunflower County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,971.[2] Its largest city and county seat is Indianola.[3]

Sunflower County comprises the Indianola, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Cleveland-Indianola, MS Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Mississippi Delta region.

Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman Farm) is located in Sunflower County.

History

Sunflower County was created in 1844. The land mass encompassed most of Sunflower and Leflore Counties as we know them today. The first seat of government was Clayton, located near Fort Pemberton. Later the county seat was moved to McNutt, also in present-day Leflore County. When Sunflower and Leflore counties were separated in 1871, the new county seat for Sunflower County was moved to Johnsonville. This village was located where the north end of Mound Bayou empties into the Sunflower River. In 1882 the county seat was moved to Eureka, which was later renamed Indianola.[4] Boyer Cemetery, located in Boyer, goes back to the early days of Sunflower County.[citation needed]

After the U.S. Civil War, across several decades African Americans migrated to Sunflower County to work in the Mississippi Delta. In 1870, 3,243 black people lived in Sunflower County. This increased to 12,070 in 1900, making up 75% of the residents in Sunflower County. Between 1900 and 1920, the black population almost tripled.[5]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 707 square miles (1,830 km2), of which 698 square miles (1,810 km2) is land and 9.2 square miles (24 km2) (1.3%) is water.[6] Sunflower County is the longest county in Mississippi. The traveling distance from the southern boundary at Caile to its northern boundary at Rome is approximately 71 miles.

The center of the county is about 30 miles (48 km) east of the Mississippi River, about 40 miles (64 km) west of the hill section of Mississippi, 100 miles (160 km) north of Jackson, and about 100 miles (160 km) south of Memphis, Tennessee.[7]

Adjacent counties

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18501,102—
18605,019355.4%
18705,015−0.1%
18804,661−7.1%
18909,384101.3%
190016,08471.4%
191028,78779.0%
192046,37461.1%
193066,36443.1%
194061,007−8.1%
195056,031−8.2%
196045,750−18.3%
197037,047−19.0%
198034,844−5.9%
199032,867−5.7%
200034,3694.6%
201029,450−14.3%
202025,971−11.8%
2023 (est.)24,468[8]−5.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[9]
1790-1960[10] 1900-1990[11]
1990-2000[12] 2010-2013[13]

The county reached its peak population in 1930. After that, population declined from 1940 to 1990. There was considerable migration out of the rural county, especially as mechanization reduced the need for farm labor. Both whites and blacks left the county. Many African Americans migrated north or west to industrial cities to escape the social oppression and violence of Jim Crow, especially moving in the Great Migration during and after World War II, when the defense industry on the West Coast attracted many.

2020 census

Sunflower County Racial Composition[14]
Race Num. Perc.
White 6,729 25.91%
Black or African American 18,077 69.6%
Native American 19 0.07%
Asian 84 0.32%
Pacific Islander 3 0.01%
Other/Mixed 401 1.54%
Hispanic or Latino 661 2.55%

As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 25,971 people, 8,322 households, and 5,292 families residing in the county.

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 29,450 people living in the county. 72.9% were black or African American, 25.4% white, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% of some other race and 0.5% of two or more races. 1.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

2000 census

As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 34,369 people, 9,637 households, and 7,314 families living in the county. The population density was 50 people per square mile (19 people/km2). There were 10,338 housing units at an average density of 15 units per square mile (5.8 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 69.86% Black or African American, 28.88% White, 0.09% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. 1.30% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

1990 census

As of the census[15] of 1990, there were 32,341 people. The racial makeup of the county was 71.89% Black or African American, 26.40% White or European American, 0.12% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.50% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. 1.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

1980 census

As of the census[15] of 1980, there were 30,402 people. The racial makeup of the county was 73.88% Black or African American, 24.45% White or European American, 0.15% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.52% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. 1.32% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 9,637 households, out of which 38.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.30% were married couples living together, 28.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.10% were non-families. 21.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the average family size was 3.50.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.90% under the age of 18, 14.00% from 18 to 24, 30.30% from 25 to 44, 18.10% from 45 to 64, and 9.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 115.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $24,970, and the median income for a family was $29,144. Males had a median income of $26,208 versus $19,145 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,365. About 24.60% of families and 30.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.50% of those under age 18 and 24.10% of those age 65 or over.

Sunflower County has the ninth-lowest per capita income in Mississippi and the 72nd-lowest in the United States.

Government

Mississippi State Penitentiary

The Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC) is responsible for the state's correctional services, probation services, and parole services. MDOC operates the Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP; colloquially known as 'Parchman Farm') in the unincorporated community of Parchman in Sunflower County and a probation and parole office in the Courthouse Annex in Indianola.[16]

MSP, a prison for men,[17][18] is the location of the State of Mississippi male death row and the State of Mississippi execution chamber.[19][20] Around the time of MSP's opening in 1901, Sunflower County residents objected to having executions performed at MSP because they feared that Sunflower County would be stigmatized as a "death county". Therefore, the State of Mississippi originally performed executions of condemned criminals in their counties of conviction. By the 1950s residents of Sunflower County were still opposed to the concept of housing the execution chamber at MSP. In September 1954, Governor Hugh White called for a special session of the Mississippi Legislature to discuss the application of the death penalty.[21] During that year, an execution chamber was installed at MSP.[22]

United States presidential election results for Sunflower County, Mississippi[23]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 2,515 31.93% 5,312 67.45% 49 0.62%
2020 2,799 28.91% 6,781 70.04% 101 1.04%
2016 2,794 29.11% 6,725 70.07% 79 0.82%
2012 2,929 26.09% 8,199 73.02% 100 0.89%
2008 3,245 28.99% 7,838 70.03% 110 0.98%
2004 3,534 35.29% 6,359 63.49% 122 1.22%
2000 3,369 40.04% 4,981 59.19% 65 0.77%
1996 2,926 35.57% 4,960 60.30% 339 4.12%
1992 3,726 39.68% 5,050 53.77% 615 6.55%
1988 4,362 46.96% 4,898 52.73% 29 0.31%
1984 5,178 51.21% 4,913 48.59% 20 0.20%
1980 3,728 41.76% 5,035 56.40% 164 1.84%
1976 3,456 43.07% 4,322 53.86% 246 3.07%
1972 5,389 73.27% 1,874 25.48% 92 1.25%
1968 1,036 13.69% 2,602 34.37% 3,932 51.94%
1964 4,127 94.27% 251 5.73% 0 0.00%
1960 1,177 34.11% 1,033 29.93% 1,241 35.96%
1956 520 16.67% 1,585 50.80% 1,015 32.53%
1952 2,007 49.48% 2,049 50.52% 0 0.00%
1948 55 2.06% 136 5.09% 2,482 92.85%
1944 155 5.25% 2,799 94.75% 0 0.00%
1940 71 2.26% 3,071 97.74% 0 0.00%
1936 21 0.83% 2,508 99.17% 0 0.00%
1932 34 1.39% 2,411 98.41% 5 0.20%
1928 88 3.18% 2,676 96.82% 0 0.00%
1924 76 4.29% 1,694 95.71% 0 0.00%
1920 47 4.21% 1,060 94.98% 9 0.81%
1916 20 2.22% 879 97.56% 2 0.22%
1912 9 1.80% 462 92.40% 29 5.80%

Economy

In December 2011, Sunflower County's unemployment rate was 16.2%. The Mississippi statewide rate was 9.9%, and the U.S. overall unemployment rate was 8.3%.[24] As of 2012 it was one of the poorest counties in the United States.[25]

Transportation

Dockery Plantation

Major highways

Airports

Two airports are located in unincorporated Sunflower County. Indianola Municipal Airport, near Indianola,[26] is operated by the city.[27] Ruleville-Drew Airport, between Drew and Ruleville,[28] is jointly operated by the two cities.[27]

Education

Colleges and universities

Mississippi Delta Community College has a main campus in Moorhead and other locations.

Primary and secondary schools

See also: Education segregation in the Mississippi Delta

Public schools

Between 2010 and 2012, the State of Mississippi had taken over all three Sunflower County school districts and put them under the conservatorship of the Mississippi Department of Education,[32] due to academic and financial reasons. In February 2012, the Mississippi Senate voted 43–4 to pass Senate Bill 2330, to consolidate the three school districts into one school district. The bill went to the Mississippi House of Representatives.[32]

The Greenwood Commonwealth said that the county was an "easy target" for school merging due to the difficulties in all three school districts, and that the scenario "doesn't leave them with much leverage to argue in favor of the status quo. And because none of them does well, none of them can object to assuming someone else's headaches. All three are beset with them."[33] Later that month, the State Board of Education approved the consolidation of the Drew School District and the Sunflower County School District, and if Senate Bill 2330 is approved, Indianola School District will be added.[34]

In May 2012 Governor of Mississippi Phil Bryant signed the bill into law, requiring all three districts to consolidate.[25] SB2330 stipulates that if a county has three school districts all under conservatorship by the Mississippi Department of Education will have them consolidated into one school district serving the entire county.[35] As of July 1, 2012, the Drew School District was consolidated with the Sunflower County School District.[citation needed]

Private schools

Central Delta Academy

The Central Delta Academy in Inverness closed on May 21, 2010.[37]

Three of the private schools (Indianola Academy, North Sunflower, and Central Delta) originated as segregation academies.[38][39]

Pillow Academy in unincorporated Leflore County, near Greenwood, enrolls some students from Sunflower County.[40] It originally was a segregation academy.[41]

Public libraries

The Sunflower County Library provides library services. The administration is in Indianola, and the system operates libraries in Drew, Indianola, Inverness, Moorhead, and Ruleville.[42]

Media

The Enterprise-Tocsin, a newspaper based out of Indianola, is distributed throughout Sunflower County.[43] The Bolivar Commercial is also distributed in Sunflower County.[44]

Communities

J. Todd Moye, author of Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945-1986, said "Sunflower County has always been overwhelmingly rural." At the end of the 20th century, the county had just four "main towns of any size".[5]

Cities

Towns

Unincorporated communities

Ghost towns

Notable people

See also

References

Specific
  1. ^ "Soil survey of Sunflower County, Mississippi". USDA. May 17, 1959 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Sunflower County, Mississippi". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ Hemphill, Marie M. (1980). Fevers, Floods and Faith — A History of Sunflower County Mississippi, 1844–1976.
  5. ^ a b Moye, J. Todd. Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945-1986. University of North Carolina Press, November 29, 2004. 28. Retrieved from Google Books on February 26, 2012; ISBN 0-8078-5561-8, ISBN 978-0-8078-5561-4
  6. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  7. ^ "Demographics for Sunflower County Schools Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine." Sunflower County School District. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
  8. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  9. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  10. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  11. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  12. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  13. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  14. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  16. ^ "Sunflower County." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on September 14, 2010.
  17. ^ "State Prisons Archived 2002-12-06 at the Wayback Machine." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  18. ^ "MDOC QUICK REFERENCE." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  19. ^ "Division of Institutions State Prisons Archived 2002-12-06 at the Wayback Machine." Mississippi Department of Corrections. April 21, 2010. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  20. ^ Martin, Nathan. "Wilcher gets reprieve Archived 2011-07-13 at archive.today." Laurel Leader-Call. July 12, 2006. Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
  21. ^ Cabana, Donald A. "The History of Capital Punishment in Mississippi: An Overview Archived 2010-10-07 at the Wayback Machine." Mississippi History Now. Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved on August 16, 2010.
  22. ^ "Mississippi and the Death Penalty Archived 2010-08-11 at the Wayback Machine." Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 12, 2010.
  23. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  24. ^ Senate votes to merge 3 Sunflower school districts." Associated Press at gulflive.com, Alabama Live LLC. Wednesday February 8, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  25. ^ a b Wright, Chance. "Bryant signs school merger Archived 2014-06-02 at the Wayback Machine", The Bolivar Commercial. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  26. ^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for IDL PDF - Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  27. ^ a b "Poplarville, Hattiesburg among airports receiving grants Archived 2012-02-28 at the Wayback Machine." WDAM. March 12, 2010. Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  28. ^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for M37 PDF - Retrieved on September 23, 2010.
  29. ^ "Sunflower County Archived 2011-06-17 at the Wayback Machine." Mississippi Department of Education. Retrieved on July 20, 2010.
  30. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sunflower County, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2022. - Text list - In 2020 there was one school district
  31. ^ 2010 Map: "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Sunflower County, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2022. - Text list - In 2010, there were three school districts
  32. ^ a b Wright, Chance. "Senate passes school merger Archived 2014-06-02 at the Wayback Machine." Bolivar Commercial. February 2012. Retrieved on March 25, 2012.
  33. ^ "Legislature must initiate school district consolidation", The Greenwood Commonwealth at The Picayune Item. February 17, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  34. ^ "School consolidation approved", Clarion Ledger, February 17, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  35. ^ Doyle, Rory. "Drew, Ruleville prepare to merge Archived 2014-06-02 at the Wayback Machine." Bolivar Commercial. Retrieved on August 30, 2012.
  36. ^ "Home." North Sunflower Academy. Retrieved on August 10, 2010.
  37. ^ "Home Archived 2009-09-05 at the Wayback Machine." Central Delta Academy. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  38. ^ Moye, J. Todd. Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945-1986. UNC Press Books, 2004. 179. Retrieved from Google Books on March 2, 2011. ISBN 0-8078-5561-8, ISBN 978-0-8078-5561-4
  39. ^ Moye, J. Todd. Let the People Decide: Black Freedom and White Resistance Movements in Sunflower County, Mississippi, 1945-1986. UNC Press Books, 2004. 243. Retrieved from Google Books on March 2, 2011. "Sunflower County's two other segregation academies— North Sunflower Academy, between Drew and Ruleville, and Central Delta Academy in Inverness— both sprouted in a similar fashion." ISBN 0-8078-5561-8, ISBN 978-0-8078-5561-4
  40. ^ "Profile of Pillow Academy 2010-2011 Archived 2001-12-01 at the Library of Congress Web Archives." Pillow Academy. Retrieved on March 25, 2012.
  41. ^ Lynch, Adam (November 18, 2009). "Ceara's Season". Jackson Free Press. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  42. ^ "Sunflower County Library Directory Archived December 24, 2012, at archive.today." Sunflower County Library. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  43. ^ "about us Archived 2012-03-12 at the Wayback Machine." The Enterprise-Tocsin. Retrieved on March 4, 2011. "Our office is located at 114 Main St, Indianola."
  44. ^ "bc_masthead1.gif The Bolivar Commercial website Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine; retrieved April 15, 2012.
  45. ^ "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Shaw city, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  46. ^ Barnwell, p. 225.
General

33°37′N 90°36′W / 33.61°N 90.60°W / 33.61; -90.60