Screen-door effect

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The screen-door effect (SDE) is a visual artifact of displays, where the fine lines separating pixels (or subpixels) become visible in the displayed image. This can be seen in digital projector images and regular displays under magnification or at close range, but the increases in display resolutions have made this much less significant. More recently, the screen door effect has been an issue with virtual reality headsets and other head-mounted displays, because these are viewed at a much closer distance, and stretch a single display across a much wider field of view.^[1]

SDE in projectors

In LCD and DLP projectors, SDE can be seen because projector optics typically have significantly lower pixel density than the size of the image they project,^{[citation needed]} enlarging these fine lines, which are much smaller than the pixels themselves, to be seen. This results in an image that appears as if viewed through a fine screen or mesh such as those used on anti-insect screen doors.

The screen door effect was noticed on the first digital projector: an LCD projector made in 1984 by Gene Dolgoff. To eliminate this artifact, Dolgoff invented depixelization, which used various optical methods to eliminate the visibility of the spaces between the pixels. The dominant method made use of a microlens array, wherein each micro-lens caused a slightly magnified image of the pixel behind it, filling in the previously-visible spaces between pixels. In addition, when making a projector with a single, full-color LCD panel, an additional appearance of pixelation was visible due to the noticeability of green pixels (appearing bright) adjacent to red and blue pixels (appearing dark), forming a noticeable repeating light and dark pattern. Use of a micro-lens array at a slightly greater distance created new pixel images, with each "new" pixel being a summation of six neighboring sub-pixels (made up of two full color pixels, one above the other). Since there were as many micro-lenses as there were original pixels, no resolution was lost, which was confirmed with modulation transfer function (MTF) measurements.

The screen door effect on Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors can be mitigated by deliberately setting the projected image slightly out of focus, which blurs the boundaries of each pixel to its neighbor. This minimizes the effect by filling the black pixel perimeters with adjacent light. Some older LCD projectors have a more noticeable screen door effect than first generation DLP projectors.^[2] Newer DLP chip designs promise closer spacing of the mirror elements which would reduce this effect;^{[citation needed]} however, some space is still required along one edge of the mirror to provide a control circuit pathway. Use of Dolgoff's depixelization method could also produce a DLP projector without noticeable pixelation.^[3]

References

^ Greg Kumparak (26 March 2014). "A Brief History Of Oculus". TechCrunch.
^ "Home Theater: dlp versus lcd". AllExperts. 18 May 2004. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013.
^ Dolgoff, Eugene (1 July 1992). "Optical depixelization for electronic image projection". In Schlam, Elliott; Slusarczuk, Marko M. (eds.). High-Resolution Displays and Projection Systems. Proceedings of the SPIE. Vol. 1664. pp. 160–171. Bibcode:1992SPIE.1664..160D. doi:10.1117/12.60360.

External links

Hi Fi Writer, "What is the 'screen door effect'?"

Extended reality (XR)

Concepts

Technologies

Display	EyeTap Head-mounted display optical Head-up display Pancake lens Smartglasses Virtual reality headset list Virtual retinal display
3D interaction	Brain–computer interface Eye tracking Face tracking Finger/hand tracking Pose tracking Simultaneous localization and mapping
Software	Asynchronous reprojection Foveated rendering Image-based modeling and rendering
Photography	360-degree video Free viewpoint television Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera VR photography
Other	Haptic suit Omnidirectional treadmill Spatial audio Wearable computer

Peripherals

Companies

Devices

Current	Apple Vision Pro Golden-i headsets HTC Vive Magic Leap Meta Quest 3 3S Open Source Virtual Reality PICO 4 Ultra Pimax PlayStation VR2 Valve Index Vuzix Blade
Former	AntVR castAR EyePhone Google Cardboard Google Daydream Google Glass Liquid Image Meta Quest Pro Microsoft HoloLens 2 Oculus Go Oculus Quest Oculus/Meta Quest 2 Oculus Rift CV1 S PICO 4 PlayStation VR Samsung Gear VR Sensorama SixthSense The Sword of Damocles VFX1 Headgear Virtual Boy Virtual fixture Virtuality VR-1
Unreleased	Project Iris Sega VR

Software

General	Interactive art virtual graffiti Metaverse Pervasive game Software related to augmented reality Virtual reality game
Operating systems	Android XR Meta Horizon OS visionOS Windows Mixed Reality
Development tools	ARCore ARKit ARToolKit Godot Engine Jetpack Compose XR Meta Spatial SDK OpenVR OpenXR RealityKit SwiftUI TabletopKit Unity Unreal Engine Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK WebXR
Games	List of HTC Vive games List of Meta Quest games List of Oculus Rift games List of PlayStation VR games VR2
Communities	AltspaceVR Horizon Worlds NeosVR Rec Room Resonite Sansar Sensorium Corporation Sinespace VRChat VTime XR

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