Rural economics is the study of rural economies. Rural economies include both agricultural and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than agricultural economics which focus more on food systems.[1] Rural development[2] and finance[3] attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities[4] and rural poverty. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with rural electrification and rural tourism providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.[5]
Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of economic geography: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,[6] land use,[7] and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.[8]
Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas.[9] Often, rural regions have experienced rural poverty, poverty greater than urban or suburban economic regions due to lack of access to economic activities, and lack of investments in key infrastructure such as education.
Rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. However, changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly rural tourism, niche manufacturers, and recreation have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers.[10] The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource-based businesses.
Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas. Rural communities are suffering from colossal market failures as the national grids fall short of their demand for electricity. As of 2019, 770 million people live without access to electricity – 10.2% of the global population.[14] Electrification typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to rural areas, however, this process often runs into obstacles in developing nations. Expanding the national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure. Additionally, amortizing capital costs to reduce the unit cost of each hook-up is harder to do in lightly populated areas (yielding higher per capita share of the expense). If countries are able to overcome these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification, rural communities will be able to reap considerable amounts of economic and social development.
Rural flight (also known as rural-to-urban migration, rural depopulation, or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas. It is urbanization seen from the rural perspective.
In industrializing economies like Britain in the eighteenth century or East Asia in the twentieth century, it can occur following the industrialization of primary industries such as agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry—when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market—and related secondary industries (refining and processing) are consolidated. Rural exodus can also follow an ecological or human-caused catastrophe such as a famine or resource depletion. These are examples of push factors.
The same phenomenon can also be brought about simply because of higher wages and educational access available in urban areas; examples of pull factors.
Once rural populations fall below a critical mass, the population is too small to support certain businesses, which then also leave or close, in a vicious circle. Even in non-market sectors of the economy, providing services to smaller and more dispersed populations becomes proportionately more expensive for governments, which can lead to closures of state-funded offices and services, which further harm the rural economy. Schools are the archetypal example because they influence the decisions of parents of young children: a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger towns that have one. But the concept (urban hierarchy) can be applied more generally to many services and is explained by central place theory.
Rural poverty refers to situations where people living in non-urban regions are in a state or condition of lacking the financial resources and essentials for living. It takes account of factors of rural society, rural economy, and political systems that give rise to the marginalization and economic disadvantage found there.[17] Rural areas, because of their small, spread-out populations, typically have less well maintained infrastructure and a harder time accessing markets, which tend to be concentrated in population centers.
Rural communities also face disadvantages in terms of legal and social protections, with women and marginalized communities frequently having a harder time accessing land, education and other support systems that help with economic development. Several policies have been tested in both developing and developed economies, including rural electrification and access to other technologies such as internet, gender parity, and improved access to credit and income.
In academic studies, rural poverty is often discussed in conjunction with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas.[18] Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural poverty in developing countries than in developed countries.[19]
Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth is a continuing difficulty for the international community, as it invests in rural development.[19][21] According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development, 70 percent of the people in extreme poverty are in rural areas, most of whom are smallholders or agricultural workers whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on agriculture.[22] These food systems are vulnerable to extreme weather, which is expected to affect agricultural systems the world over more as climate change increases.[23][24]
Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber products.
لوك ينسن معلومات شخصية الميلاد 18 يونيو 1966 (العمر 57 سنة)ميشيغان، الولايات المتحدة الطول 6'3 (190 سم) الجنسية الولايات المتحدة الوزن 86 كيلوغرام استعمال اليد كلتا اليدين[1] أخوة وأخوات ميرفي جنسن[1] المدرسة الأم جامعة كاليفورنيا الجنوبية[1] الحياة العملي…
Customs DepartmentกรมศุลกากรFlag of the Thai Customs DepartmentAgency overviewFormed4 July 1874Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionThailandSpecialist jurisdictionCustoms, excise and gambling.Operational structureHeadquartersBangkok, ThailandAgency executivePatchara Anantasilp, Director-GeneralParent agencyMinistry of FinanceWebsitewww.customs.go.th The Customs Department, also called the Thai Customs,[1] is the customs department of Thailand under the Minis…
1999 British filmThe TrenchDirected byWilliam BoydWritten byWilliam BoydProduced bySteve Clark-HallStarringPaul Nicholls Daniel CraigJulian Rhind-TuttDanny DyerJames D'ArcyEdited byJim ClarkDistributed byArts Council of EnglandEntertainment Film Distributors[2]Release date 17 September 1999 (1999-09-17) (UK) Running time98 minutesCountriesUnited KingdomFrance[1]LanguageEnglish The Trench is a 1999 war film written and directed by William Boyd and starring Paul …
Monteagudo de las Vicarías Gemeente in Spanje Situering Autonome regio Castilië en León Provincie Comarca Soria Comarca de Campo de Gomara Coördinaten 41° 22′ NB, 2° 10′ WL Algemeen Oppervlakte 97 km² Inwoners (1 januari 2016) 212 (2 inw./km²) Burgemeester María Manuela Pinilla Martínez. (PP) Provincie- engemeentecode 42.119 Detailkaart Ligging in Soria Portaal Spanje Monteagudo de las Vicarías is een gemeente in de Spaanse provincie Soria in de regio Cas…
كريستوف فريدريش هيغيلماير (بالألمانية: Christoph Friedrich Hegelmaier) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 4 سبتمبر 1833 الوفاة 26 مايو 1906 (72 سنة) توبينغن الإقامة ألمانيا مواطنة ألمانيا عضو في الأكاديمية الألمانية للعلوم ليوبولدينا الحياة العملية اختصار اسم علماء النبات Hegelm. ا…
State of Mexico This article is about the state. For the city, see Puebla (city). For other uses, see Puebla (disambiguation). State in Puebla de Zaragoza, MexicoPueblaStateFree and Sovereign State of PueblaEstado Libre y Soberano de Puebla (Spanish)Tlahtohcayotl Puebla (Nahuatl) Coat of armsMotto(s): Unidos En El Tiempo, En El Esfuerzo, En La Justicia y En La Esperanza(United in time, effort, justice and hope)Anthem: Himno al Estado de PueblaState of Puebla within MexicoCoordinates: 19°0
Polish politician Anna KrupkaAnna Krupka in 2016Member of the SejmIncumbentAssumed office 25 October 2015 Personal detailsBorn (1981-10-30) 30 October 1981 (age 42)Warsaw, PolandPolitical partyLaw and JusticeResidence(s)Kielce, PolandAlma materUniversity of WarsawProfessionPolitician Anna Maria Krupka (born 30 October 1981) is a Polish politician who is a Member of the Sejm. Biography Krupka graduated at the Institute of Sociology of the University of Warsaw. She engaged in political ac…
Каллінік V КонстантинопольськийНародився невідомоMudanyadПомер невідомоКонстантинопольДіяльність священникРоки активності 1801 — 1809Посада Константинопольський патріархат Каллінік V[a] (за світовим Бонтаніотісом[2]) — Вселенський Патріарх протягом короткого час
هذه المقالة عن مدينة أحد المسارحة. للمحافظة، طالع محافظة أحد المسارحة. أحد المسارحة الاسم الرسمي أحد المسارحة[1] تقسيم إداري البلد السعودية التقسيم الأعلى منطقة جازان عاصمة لـ محافظة أحد المسارحة عدد السكان عدد السكان 25007 (2010)[1]17384 (2010)[1]7…
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プリキュアシリーズ > プリキュアオールスターズ > 映画 プリキュアオールスターズDX みんなともだちっ☆奇跡の全員大集合! 映画 プリキュアオールスターズDX みんなともだちっ☆奇跡の全員大集合! 映画の舞台となった横浜みなとみらい21監督 大塚隆史脚本 村山功出演者 沖佳苗喜多村英梨中川亜紀子三瓶由布子樹元オリエ本名陽子音楽 佐藤直紀、高梨康冶制…
National Security Advisor of Libya and son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi (1974–2011) Mutassim Gaddafiالمعتصم القذافيMutassim Gaddafi in April 2009National Security Advisor of LibyaIn office2008–2011Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolished Personal detailsBorn(1974-05-12)12 May 1974Tripoli, Libyan Arab RepublicDied20 October 2011(2011-10-20) (aged 36)Misrata, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (now Libya)Cause of deathGunshot woundsResting place…
Same-sex marriage in Canada BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Legal Reference Re Same-Sex MarriageHalpern v Canada (AG)Civil Marriage Act Parliament 38th House · 38th Senate39th House · 39th Senate Same-sex marriage by province Related Civil unions in QuebecAdult interdependent relationship in AlbertaDomestic partnership in Nova ScotiaCommon-law relationships in Manitoba vte Part of the LGBT rights seriesLegal status ofsame-sex unions Marriage Andorra Argentina Australia Austr…
Dollars and SenseSutradara Harry Beaumont ProduserDitulis olehOctavus Roy Cohen (cerita) Gerald C. DuffyPemeranMadge Kennedy Kenneth Harlan Willard LouisSinematograferNorbert BrodinePerusahaanproduksiGoldwyn PicturesDistributorGoldwyn DistributingTanggal rilis27 Juni 1920Durasi50 menitNegara Amerika Serikat BahasaFilm bisu dengan antar judul Inggris Dollars and Sense adalah sebuah film drama bisu Amerika Serikat tahun 1920 garapan Harry Beaumont dan menampilkan Madge Kennedy, Kenneth Harlan dan …
American baseball player (born 1947) For the infielder born in 1997, see David Hamilton (baseball). Baseball player Dave HamiltonPitcherBorn: (1947-12-13) December 13, 1947 (age 75)Seattle, Washington, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutMay 29, 1972, for the Oakland A'sLast MLB appearanceSeptember 19, 1980, for the Oakland A'sMLB statisticsWin–loss record39–41Earned run average3.85Strikeouts434 Teams Oakland Athletics (1972–1975) Chicago White Sox (1975…
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The article's lead section may need to be rewritten. Please help improve the lead and read the lead layout guide. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hariharananda GiriHariharananda GiriPersonalBornRabindranath Bhattacharya(1907-05-27)27 May 1907Habibpur, Nadia district, West Bengal, IndiaDied3 December 2002(2002-12-03) (aged 95)Miami, Florida, United StatesReligionHinduismSignatureOrderKriya Yoga LineagePhilosophyKriya YogaReligious careerGuruBijoy Krishna Cha…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Live Heroes – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1986 live album by NicoLive HeroesLive album by NicoReleased1986RecordedEurope, 1982GenreRockLabelPerformanceProducerPhil Rainfor…
American comedy television series SpeechlessGenreSitcomCreated byScott SilveriStarring Minnie Driver John Ross Bowie Cedric Yarbrough Mason Cook Micah Fowler Kyla Kenedy ComposerJeff CardoniCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons3No. of episodes63 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Christine Gernon Jake Kasdan Melvin Mar Scott Silveri Camera setupSingle-cameraRunning time21 minutesProduction companies Silver and Gold Productions The Detective Agency ABC …
提示:此条目的主题不是核苷酸多樣性。 SNP DNA 單核苷酸多態性(英語:Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism,簡稱SNP,讀作/snɪp/)DNA序列中单个核苷酸的替代导致的、且分布于种群中相当一部分个体(如:1%以上)中的基因多样性。例如,对于某种生物,同一位置基因组片段一部分为AAGCCTA,另一部分为AAGCTTA,则认为此处存在SNP、两种基因型属于等位基因。 几乎所有常见的单核…
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