The description by Rubin and colleagues, first appearing in 1976,[3][4] is considered pioneering work, and has been the subject of "intense discussion" since its first report.[2] The effect, however, is now seen as being apparent, and the data from which it was derived "probably only reflect the inhomogeneous distribution of galaxies in the region of the Rubin–Ford sample"[5]—i.e., that "the Universe is not homogeneous on these scales"[1]—and are actually "consistent with isotropic expansion, an unperturbed galaxy velocity field and hence a low density Universe."[5]
As indicated by the opening definition, and as described by Bernard J.T. Jones in review in 2002, the data on which the conclusion of an effect was based are:
indeed biased in the way described by Fall and Jones [1976[5]] and the apparent large scale flow implied by that data is spurious… [The bias] arises only in samples of galaxies selected in a narrow range of absolute magnitudes, such as ScI galaxies and so one should be careful before arguing that such effects arise in other samples.[2]
^ abcBernard J.T. Jones (1992). "The Large Scale Structure of the Universe [§2. Inhomogeneous Universe—Observations. 2.4 Surveys with Independent Distance Estimates. 2.4.1 The Rubin-Ford Effect]". In Sánchez, F.; Collados, M.; Rebolo, R. (eds.). Observational and Physical Cosmology. Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics, Vol. 2. Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521419964. Retrieved 28 December 2016. Also available as a 2002 update, and in an HTML format and section, all retrieved December 28, 2016.
^Rubin, V.C.; Ford Jr., W. Kent; Thonnard, Norbert; Roberts, Morton S.; Graham, John A. (1976). "Motion of the Galaxy and the Local Group Determined From the Velocity Anisotropy of Distant SC I Galaxies. II. The Analysis for the Motion". Astronomical Journal. 81 (9, September): 719–737. Bibcode:1976AJ.....81..719R. doi:10.1086/111943.
