Rocinha (Portuguese pronunciation:[ʁɔˈsĩɲɐ], lit.'little farm') is a favela in Brazil, located in Rio de Janeiro's South Zone between the districts of São Conrado and Gávea. Rocinha is built on a steep hillside overlooking Rio de Janeiro, and is located about one kilometre from a nearby beach. Most of the favela is on a very steep hill, with many trees surrounding it. Around 200,000 people live in Rocinha, making it the most populous in Rio de Janeiro.[2]
Although Rocinha is officially categorized as a neighbourhood, many still refer to it as a favela. It developed from a shanty town into an urbanized slum. Today, almost all the houses in Rocinha are made from concrete and brick. Some buildings are three and four storeys tall and almost all houses have basic plumbing and electricity. Compared to simple shanty towns or slums, Rocinha has a better developed infrastructure and hundreds of businesses such as banks, medicine stores, bus routes, cable television, including locally based channel TV ROC (TV Rocinha), and, at one time, a McDonald's franchise.[3] These factors help classify Rocinha as a favela bairro, or favela neighborhood.
Community
View of Rocinha as viewed from withinView of Rocinha during night
There are a number of community organizations at work in Rocinha, including neighbourhood associations and numerous NGOs and non-profit educational and cultural institutions.[4][5] Rocinha is home to most of the service workers in Zona Sul (the South Zone of Rio)[citation needed].
In recent years, due to its relative safety in comparison to other favelas, Rocinha has developed tourism-oriented activities such as hostels, nightclubs and guided tours. In September 2017, between 150 and 601 tourists were estimated to visit the slum per day, despite foreign governments' and the Rio police's safety warnings recommending against it. In October 2017, a Spanish tourist died after being shot by the police while visiting Rocinha during a turf war.[6]
During the years of 2014 to 2017, The slum was controlled by Amigos dos Amigos,[7] although it is often caught in violent disputes among (and within) different criminal organizations.[8][6]
Police and military operations
In November 2011, a security operation was undertaken where hundreds of police and military patrolled the streets of Rocinha to crack down on rampant drug dealers and bring government control to the neighbourhood.[9]
In December 2017, drug kingpin Rogério da Silva, known as Rogério 157, was arrested in Rocinha, in an operation involving 3,000 members of the Brazilian military and police forces. Rogério was wanted on charges of homicide, extortion, and drug trafficking.[10][11]
Rocinha is the largest favela in Brazil and one of the most developed.[12] Rocinha's population was estimated at between 150,000 and 300,000 inhabitants during the 2000s;[13] but the IBGE Census of 2010 counted only 69,161 people.[14] In 2017, The Economist reported a population of 100,000 in an area of 1 km2 (250 acres).[7]
In literature, film and music
Robert Neuwirth discusses Rocinha in his book entitled Shadow Cities.[15] Rio de Janeiro was made the setting for the animation film Rio, where many scenes take place in Rocinha.
Also, Rocinha is the setting of the book Nemesis: One Man and the Battle for Rio by Misha Glenny in which he describes the rise and fall of Antônio Francisco Bonfim Lopes.
In 1998, Philip Glass wrote an orchestral piece titled "Days and Nights in Rocinha". It was meant as a reference to Ravel's Boléro, written for Dennis Russell Davies, to thank him for putting Glass' works on stage. He was inspired by dance music that he heard during the carnival, resulting in a samba-like rhythmical structure with a lot of time signature changes and varieties, such as 14/8, 15/8 and 9/8+4/4.
The 2008 film The Incredible Hulk featured aerial footage of Rocinha, showing the large number of intermodal containers repurposed as housing, and included an extensive chase scene filmed in the favela on the ground and across rooftops.[16][better source needed] It was also featured in the 2011 film Fast Five.
