Ringvereine

The Ringvereine (English: "Ring clubs", as members identified themselves by wearing a ring) were criminal gangs operating in late 19th- and early 20th-century Germany, notably the Weimar period. Ostensibly convicts associations formed in the 1890s to aid their reintegration to society, the Ringvereine became convenient fronts for illegal activities as well as providing a ready network of underworld contacts. Like the Mafia, these associations also followed certain rules and a code of conduct.[1] Since these groups practiced witness intimidation and members provided alibis for one another, it was difficult to prove their involvement in a crime.

The term emerged for a union with criminal orientation when several clubs by former prisoners joined the holding organization "Ring Berlin". The "Ring-brothers" could be identified by the identical signet rings and were bound to absolute secrecy particularly towards the police. The criminal clubs of the 1920s had poetic names such as "Berliner", "Immertreu" ("ever faithful"), "Libelle" ("Dragonfly"), "Deutsche Eiche" (German oak), or "Apachenblut" ("blood of the Apache"). The members provided each other with alibis and lawyers, supported each other financially and looked after the families of the other members. The union was funded by a charge of the spoils from the organized crimes.

When the Nazis came to power in 1933, they promised to restore law and order and outlawed Ringvereine associations. Nevertheless, despite being banned and the best efforts of the Nazi regime, these organised gangs persisted.[2] During communist rule in the eastern part of Germany with support from the Soviet Union, the Ringvereine were suppressed.

References

  1. ^ Hartmann, Arthur, and Klaus von Lampe. "The German underworld and the Ringvereine from the 1890s through the 1950s." Global Crime 9, no. 1-2 (2008): 108-135.
  2. ^ Goeschel, Christian. "The Criminal Underworld in Weimar and Nazi Berlin." In History Workshop Journal, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 58-80. Oxford University Press, 2013.


Stub icon

This crime-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Fantasy! Jūichi

Fantasy! JūichiAlbum studio karya Morning MusumeDirilis1 Desember 2010Direkam2010GenreJapanese popDurasi1:39:18LabelZetima RecordsProduserTsunkuKronologi Morning Musume 10 My Me(2010)10 My Me2010 Fantasy! Jūichi(2010) 12, Smart(2011)12, Smart2011 Singel dalam album Fantasy! Jūichi Seishun CollectionDirilis: 9 Juni, 2010 Onna to Otoko no Lullaby GameDirilis: 17 November 2010 Fantasy! Jūichi (Fantasy! 拾壱code: ja is deprecated , Fantasy! Sebelas) adalah album studio kesebelas grup id...

 

C.S.D. Comunicaciones

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang tim sepak bola asal Guatemala. Untuk tim sepak bola asal Argentina, lihat Club Comunicaciones. ComunicacionesNama lengkapClub Social y Deportivo ComunicacionesJulukanLos Cremas (The Creams), Los MerenguesBerdiri16 Agustus 1949; 74 tahun lalu (1949-08-16)StadionEstadio Cementos Progreso,Guatemala City(Kapasitas: 16,000.)Ketua Pedro PortillaManajer Iván Franco SopegnoLigaLiga Nacional de FútbolApertura 2012JuaraSitus webSitus web resmi klub Kostum ...

 

Edward Thorndike

American psychologist (1874–1949) Edward ThorndikeThorndike in 1912BornEdward Lee Thorndike(1874-08-31)August 31, 1874Williamsburg, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedAugust 9, 1949(1949-08-09) (aged 74)Montrose, New York, U.S.OccupationPsychologistKnown forFather of educational psychologyLaw of effectBehavior modificationSpouse Elizabeth Moulton ​(m. 1900)​Children4, including FrancesAcademic backgroundEducationWesleyan University (BS)Harvard University (MA)Colum...

Jose Choa Linge

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Jose Choa Linge (17 Februari 1965 -18 April 2022) merupakan seorang seniman, kolektor kaset radio[1], MC dan penulis berkebangsaan Indonesia. Kehidupan Jose Choa Linge besar di lingkungan yang religius di Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan. Pada tahun...

 

Первородный грех

Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...

 

Bahasa Bakumpai

PemberitahuanTemplat ini mendeteksi bahwa artikel bahasa ini masih belum dinilai kualitasnya oleh ProyekWiki Bahasa dan ProyekWiki terkait dengan subjek. Perhatian: untuk penilai, halaman pembicaraan artikel ini telah diisi sehingga penilaian akan berkonflik dengan isi sebelumnya. Harap salin kode dibawah ini sebelum menilai. {{PW Bahasa|importance=|class=}} Terjadi [[false positive]]? Silakan laporkan kesalahan ini. 13.48, Selasa, 9 April, 2024 (UTC) • hapus singgahan Seban...

Charles P. Barnes

American judge and politician from Maine The HonorableCharles P. Barnes17th Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial CourtIn officeNovember 21, 1939 – July 31, 1940Nominated byLewis BarrowsPreceded byCharles J. DunnSucceeded byGuy H. Sturgis[1][2]Associate Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial CourtIn officeApril 17, 1924 – November 21, 1939Nominated byPercival BaxterPreceded byGeorge M. HansonSucceeded byGeorge H. Worster[1]67th Speaker of the...

 

Hollywood station (Florida)

Train station in Florida, United States Hollywood, FLHollywood Amtrak and former Seaboard Air Line Railway station (left) and Tri-Rail station (rear)General informationLocation3001 Hollywood BoulevardHollywood, FloridaUnited StatesCoordinates26°0′42.44″N 80°10′4.12″W / 26.0117889°N 80.1678111°W / 26.0117889; -80.1678111Owned byFlorida Department of TransportationLine(s)South Florida Rail CorridorPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Train operatorsAmtrak, Tri-Rai...

 

Singh

Surname originating from the Asias For a list of people with the surname, see List of people with surname Singh. Rajput ruler Rana Sangram Singh (1482-1528).Creation of the Khalsa by Sikh Guru Gobind Singh, 1699 CE.Prime Minister of Nepal and Commander-in-Chief of the Nepalese Army, Mukhtiyar Mathabar Singh Thapa, (1843-1845) of the Chhetri Thapa dynasty.Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh of Raj Darbhanga in Bihar, published in Graphic Magazine, December 1888. Singh (IPA: /ˈsɪŋ/ SING) is a title,...

Shabbir Ali

Indian footballer and football manager (born 1986) Not to be confused with Shabbir Ali (footballer, born 1986). Shabbir Ali Ali in August 2017Personal informationDate of birth (1956-01-26) 26 January 1956 (age 68)Place of birth Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, IndiaPosition(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)0000–1972 Hyderabad Arsenal Club 1972 Tata Sports Hyderabad 1978–1979 East Bengal (35)1973–1984 Mohammedan 1984–1985 Victoria Sporting Dhaka International career1974 Ind...

 

Methylphosphonyl dichloride

Methylphosphonyl dichloride Names Preferred IUPAC name Methylphosphonic dichloride Other names Methanephosphonic dichlorideMethanephosphonic acid dichlorideMethylphosphonyl dichlorideDichloro Identifiers CAS Number 676-97-1 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 12150 ECHA InfoCard 100.010.578 EC Number 211-634-4 PubChem CID 12671 UN number 9206 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6060979 InChI InChI=1S/CH3Cl2OP/c1-5(2,3)4/h1H3Key: SCLFRABIDYGTAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/CH3Cl2OP/c1-5(2,3)4...

 

Ohtahara syndrome

Medical conditionOhtahara syndrome[1]Other namesEarly infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression; Early Infantile Developmental & Epileptic EncephalopathySpecialtyNeurology  Ohtahara syndrome (OS), also known as Early Infantile Developmental & Epileptic Encephalopathy (EIDEE)[2] is a progressive epileptic encephalopathy. The syndrome is outwardly characterized by tonic spasms and partial seizures within the first few months of life,[3] and r...

Elizabeth Berkley

Elizabeth BerkleyBerkley tahun 2008Lahir28 Juli 1974 (umur 49)[1]Farmington Hills, Michigan, A.S.Nama lainElizabeth Berkley LaurenPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1986–sekarangSuami/istriGreg Lauren ​(m. 2003)​Anak1 Elizabeth Berkley (lahir 28 Juli 1974)[1] adalah seorang aktris, filantropis, dan produser Amerika. Perannya yang paling menonjol adalah Jessie Spano dalam serial televisi Saved by the Bell, dan Nomi Malone dalam film Paul Ve...

 

حزب المؤتمر الوطني (السودان)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع حزب المؤتمر الوطني (توضيح). حزب المؤتمر الوطني البلد السودان  التأسيس تاريخ التأسيس 1989 المؤسسون عمر البشير تاريخ الحل 2019 الجبهة الإسلامية،  والإخوان المسلمون في السودان    الشخصيات قائد الحزب إبراهيم غندور المقر الرئيسي الخرطوم  الأيد�...

 

Image Lake

Lake in Snohomish County, Washington, USA Image LakeImage Lake at sunsetImage LakeShow map of Washington (state)Image LakeShow map of the United StatesLocationCascade Range, Snohomish County, WashingtonCoordinates48°12′27″N 121°0′30″W / 48.20750°N 121.00833°W / 48.20750; -121.00833TypeTarnPrimary outflowsMiners CreekCatchment areaSkagit RiverBasin countriesUnited StatesSurface area3–4 acres (1.2–1.6 ha)Surface elevation6,056 ft (1,846...

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

 

7º Reggimento bersaglieri

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento guerra è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamente. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. 7º Reggimento BersaglieriStemma araldico del R...

 

Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area

Public park and nature reserve in Portland, Oregon, U.S. Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural AreaSmith Lake from north shore, 2008Location of Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area in OregonLocationPortland, Multnomah, Oregon, United StatesCoordinates45°37′02″N 122°46′42″W / 45.61722°N 122.77833°W / 45.61722; -122.77833Area2,000 acres (8.1 km2)[1]Elevation20 ft (6.1 m)[2]Governing bodyMetro Regional GovernmentWebsiteSmith and...

KMess

KMess Тип клиент системы мгновенного обмена сообщениями Написана на C++[1] Интерфейс Qt Последняя версия 2.0.6.1 (17 февраля 2011) Репозиторий sourceforge.net/projects… Лицензия GNU GPL 2[2] Сайт kmess.org (англ.)  Медиафайлы на Викискладе Информация в этой статье или некоторых её разделах �...

 

Relikui Darah Kudus

Henry III dari Inggris membawa Relikui Darah Kudus di Westminster pada 1247, karya Matthew Paris Relikui Darah Kudus adalah sebuah relikui abad pertengahan, yang dikatakan berisi darah Yesus Kristus.[1] Relikui tersebut diserahkan kepada Henry III dari Inggris oleh Patriark Latin Yerusalem Robertus dari Nantes pada 1247, dimana benda tersebut kemudian dibawa ke Gereja Makam Kudus di London, sebelum diarah ke sepanjang jalan-jalan raja oleh Raja dan disimpan di Westminster Abbey.[2...