Right-wing dictatorship

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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

Military dictatorship

Main article: Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

Religion and the government

Main article: Clerical fascism

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

Right-wing dictatorships by region

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:

Europe

Main article: Fascism in Europe
See also: European interwar dictatorships

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Albania
 Austria Fatherland Front
 Belarus Belarus Republic of Belarus[5][6] Belaya Rus 1994–Present Alexander Lukashenko
 Bulgaria BulgariaKingdom of Bulgaria
 Germany [need quotation to verify][11][12][13] [14][15]
[16][17]
 Greece
 Hungary Kingdom of HungaryKingdom of Hungary Unity Party 1920–1944 Miklós Horthy[27]
 Italy Fascist ItalyKingdom of Italy[28][29] National Fascist Party[30][31] 1922–1943 Benito Mussolini[32][33]
 Latvia LatviaRepublic of Latvia[citation needed] Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) 1934–1940 Kārlis Ulmanis[34]
 Lithuania LithuaniaRepublic of Lithuania[35] Lithuanian Nationalist Union[36] 1926–1940 Antanas Smetona[37][38]
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 San Marino San MarinoRepublic of San Marino[53] Sammarinese Fascist Party 1923–1943 Giuliano Gozi
 Spain
 Ukraine Ukrainian State Ukrainian State[61] Ukrainian People's Hromada 1918 Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Kingdom of YugoslaviaKingdom of Yugoslavia[62]

Asia

Main article: Fascism in Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[66] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Afghanistan Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Taliban
  • 1996–2001
  • 2021–present
 [67][68][69][70]
 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party
  • 1993–2003
  • 2003–present
 [71]
 Bangladesh Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh [76]
 Cambodia
 China Empire of China[81] Military 1915–1916 Yuan Shikai
 Cyprus CyprusRepublic of Cyprus EOKA B[82] 1974 Nikos Sampson[83]
 Indonesia Republic of Indonesia New Order under Golkar[84][85] 1966–1998 Suharto[86][87][88]
 Iran [89][90]
  • 1925–1941
  • 1941–1963
  • 1963–1975
  • 1975–1978
  • 1979
  • 1979–1989
  • 1989–present
 Iraq Iraq Republic of Iraq Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 1979–2003 Saddam Hussein[91]
 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan[92][93][94] Amanat 1999–2019 Nursultan Nazarbayev
 South Korea
 Laos Kingdom of Laos Kingdom of Laos[105] Military with the Committee for the Defence of National Interests 1959–1960 Sounthone Pathammavong
 Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia[106] [107] UMNO 1981–2003 Mahathir Mohamad
China Manchuria, China  Manchukuo Concordia Association[108][109] 1932–1945 Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
 Myanmar
 Pakistan  Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Philippines
 Singapore Singapore Republic of Singapore[121] People's Action Party 1959–1990 Lee Kuan Yew
Syria Syria Syrian Republic[122][123] Military with the Arab Liberation Movement 1951–1954 Adib Shishakli
 Tajikistan Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan 1994–present Emomali Rahmon[124][125][126]
 China (1928–1949)
 Taiwan (1945–1987)		 Right-wing Kuomintang[129]
 Thailand Thailand Kingdom of Thailand[133][134]
 Turkey
 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmenistan[144] Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
  • 1991–2006
  • 2006–2022
  • 2022–Present
 Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan[145][146][147] Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party
  • 1991–2016
  • 2016–Present
Vietnam Southern Vietnam South Vietnam Republic of Vietnam[148][149][150]
  • 1956–1963
  • 1963–1964
  • 1964
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967–1975

North, Central, and South America

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[151] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many right-wing dictatorships in South America were established through Operation Condor in which left-wing governments in the region were replaced with right-wing military regimes through us-backed coups.

List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
Argentina Northern Argentina Argentine Confederation Argentine Confederation[152] Military with the Federalist Party
  • 1829–1832
  • 1835–1852
 Juan Manuel de Rosas
 Argentina [156][157][158][159][160]
  • 1930–1932
  • 1932–1938
  • 1938–1942
  • 1940–1942
  • 1943
  • 1943–1944
  • 1944–1946
  • 1955–1958
  • 1966–1970
  • 1970–1971
  • 1971–1973
  • 1976–1981
  • 1981
  • 1981–1982
  • 1982–1983
 Bolivia [161][162][163][164][165]
  • 1966–1969
  • 1971–1978
  • 1978
  • 1979
  • 1980–1981
  • 1981–1982
 Brazil [169][170][171]
  • None
  • Military with the National Renewal Alliance
  • Military with the National Renewal Alliance
  • Military with the National Renewal Alliance
  • Military with the National Renewal Alliance
  • Military with the National Renewal Alliance
  • 1937–1945
  • 1964–1967
  • 1967–1969
  • 1969–1974
  • 1974–1979
  • 1979–1985
 Chile [172][173][174][175] Military
 Colombia Colombia Republic of Colombia[176][177]
  • 1950–1953
  • 1953–1957
 Costa Rica First Costa Rican Republic Republic of Costa Rica[178][179] Military with the Peliquista Party[180] 1917–1919 Federico Tinoco Granados
 Cuba  Republic of Cuba
[181][182]
 Dominican Republic
[183][184]
  • 1930–1961
  • 1961
  • 1966–1978
 [185]
 Ecuador Ecuador Republic of Ecuador[186] Military with the Velaquista National Federation 1970–1972 José María Velasco Ibarra
 El Salvador El Salvador Republic of El Salvador[187]
 Grenada Grenada Grenada[197][198][199] Grenada United Labour Party 1974–1979 Eric Gairy
 Guatemala  Republic of Guatemala
[203][204]
 Haiti [205][206][207][208]
 Honduras  Republic of Honduras Military with the National Party
 Mexico [212][213][214][215][216]
  • Military with the Conservative Party
  • Military with the Conservative Party
  • Military with the Conservative Party
  • Military with the National Porfirist Party
  • Military with the National Porfirist Party
  • Military with the National Porfirist Party
  • Military
  • 1839–1839
  • 1845–1846
  • 1853–1855
  • 1876
  • 1877–1880
  • 1884–1911
  • 1913–1914
 Nicaragua Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua[217] Nationalist Liberal Party
  • 1936–1956
  • 1956–1967
  • 1967–1979
 Panama Panama Republic of Panama[218] Panameñista Party 1949–1951 Arnulfo Arias
 Paraguay [219][220]
 Peru [219]
 Uruguay [226][227][228][229]
  • 1934–1938
  • 1973–1976
  • 1976
  • 1976–1981
  • 1981–1985
 Venezuela [230][231][232][233] Military
  • 1908–1913
  • 1922–1929
  • 1931–1935
  • 1948–1950
  • 1952–1958

Africa

Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed.[citation needed] [234] Dictatorships like the hereditary dictatorship in Togo (especially under Gnassingbé Eyadéma) had strong anti-communist and pro-western stances which is in contrast to left-wing governments that existed in other African nations around the time.[citation needed] [235] Regimes like Zaire and Rwanda under Habyarimana have sometimes been called fascist. Zaire featured what their dictator called a "neither right nor left" position but was recognized by historians as a right-wing regime and its state ideology of mobutism has sometimes been seen as third position.[236][237][238][239][240] Rwanda under Habyarimana has been compared to fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany for their hutu supremacist policies against the tutsi's as well as the Rwandan genocide that occurred after the assassination of Habyarimana sometimes being compared to the holocaust. [citation needed] [241]

List of African right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Burundi Burundi Republic of Burundi[242][243] National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
  • 2005–2020
  • 2020–Present
 Cameroon Cameroon Republic of Cameroon[244] Cameroon People's Democratic Movement 1982–Present Paul Biya
 Chad Chad Republic of Chad[245][246][247][248]
  • 1982–1990
  • 1991–2021
  • 2022–present
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Zaire Republic of Zaire[249] Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution 1965–1997 Mobutu Sese Seko
 Egypt Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt[250] Nation's Future Party 2014–Present Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
 Gabon Gabon Gabonese Republic[251] Gabonese Democratic Party
  • 1967–2009
  • 2009–2023
 Gambia The Gambia Republic of the Gambia[254] Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction 1996–2017 Yahya Jammeh
 Guinea Guinea Republic of Guinea[255][256] Military with the Unity and Progress Party 1984–2008 Lansana Conté
 Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Republic of Equatorial Guinea[257]
  • 1979–1982
  • 1982–1987
  • 1987–Present
 Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
 Liberia Liberia Republic of Liberia[258] Military with the National Democratic Party of Liberia 1986–1990 Samuel Doe
 Malawi Malawi Republic of Malawi[259] Malawi Congress Party 1966–1994 Hastings Banda
 Rwanda Rwanda Republic of Rwanda[260][261][262]
 Sudan Sudan Republic of the Sudan[264] Military with the National Congress Party 1989–2019 Omar al-Bashir
 Togo Togo Togolese Republic[265][266][235][267]
  • 1967–2005
  • 2005–present
 Uganda [268][269][270]
  • 1971–1979
  • 1986–present

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Whether Chiang Kai-shek's early rule can be seen as a 'right-wing' dictatorship is debatable. During the 1920s and early 1930s, Chiang and supporters was seen as a 'centrist'[130][131] among 'right-wing' Hu Hanmin supporters and 'left-wing' Wang Jingwei supporters, but the Chinese Communist Party (or Maoism) later emerged as the main rival of the KMT, making Chiang's rule a 'right-wing' dictatorship. Other historians argue that Chiang's ideology differed from 'right-wing' dictators of the 20th century and that he did not espouse the ideology of fascism.[132]


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