State of Burma

State of Burma
ဗမာနိုင်ငံတော် (Burmese)
ビルマ國 (Japanese)
1943–1945
Motto: တသွေး၊ တသံ၊ တမိန့်
t sway, t san, t min
"One Blood, One Voice, One Order"
Anthem: "တို့ဗမာသီချင်း"
Dobama Thachin
"Our Burma Song"
Green: Under government authority Light silver: Remainder of British Burma Light green: Annexed by Thailand
Green: Under government authority
Light silver: Remainder of British Burma
Light green: Annexed by Thailand
StatusPuppet state of the Empire of Japan
CapitalRangoon
Common languagesBurmese
English
Japanese
Religion
State Shinto
Buddhism
Christianity
Demonym(s)Burmese
GovernmentUnitary fascist state under a totalitarian dictatorship
Nainggandaw Adipati & Prime Minister 
• 1943–1945
Ba Maw
Historical eraWorld War II
• Independence
1 August 1943
• Government evacuation
19 August 1945
CurrencyRupee
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Japanese Military Administration
British Burma

The State of Burma (Burmese: ဗမာနိုင်ငံတော်; MLCTS: ba.ma nuingngamtau; Japanese: ビルマ國, Biruma-koku) was a Japanese puppet state established in 1943 during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II.

Background

During the early stages of World War II, the Empire of Japan invaded British Burma primarily to obtain raw materials (which included oil from fields around Yenangyaung, minerals and large surpluses of rice), and to close off the Burma Road, which was a primary link for aid and munitions to the Chinese Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek which had been fighting the Japanese for several years in the Second Sino-Japanese War.

The Japanese Fifteenth Army under Lieutenant General Shojiro Iida quickly overran Burma from January – May 1942. The Japanese had also assisted the formation of the Burma Independence Army (BIA), which aided the Japanese during their invasion. The BIA formed a provisional government in some areas of the country in the spring of 1942, but there were differences within the Japanese leadership over the future of Burma. While Colonel Suzuki encouraged the BIA to form a provisional government, the Japanese military leadership had never formally accepted such a plan and the Japanese government held out only vague promises of independence after the end of the war. However, a Burmese Executive Administration was established in Rangoon on 1 August 1942 with the aim of creating a civil administration to manage day-to-day administrative activities subordinate to the Japanese military administration. The head of the provisional administration was Dr. Ba Maw, a noted lawyer and political prisoner under the British.

National symbols

The State of Burma adopted the nationalist symbols as the State's symbols to persuade nationalists.

Administrative Divisions

The State of Burma was divided into four Divisions (တိုင်း);

  • (1) Northern Division (မြောက်ပိုင်းတိုင်း)
  • (2) Western Division (အနောက်ပိုင်းတိုင်း)
  • (3) Southern Division (တောင်ပိုင်းတိုင်း)
  • (4) Kambawza Division (ကမ္ဘောဇတိုင်း)

The Kambawza Division, made up of Shan States and Karenni States, was put under the direct administration of the head of state.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As the war situation gradually turned against the Japanese, the Japanese government decided that Burma and the Philippines would become fully independent as part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, contrary to the original plan that independence only be granted after the completion of the war. Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō promised that independence for Burma would be granted within a year from 28 January 1943, with the condition that Burma declare war on the United Kingdom and the United States. The Japanese government felt that this would give the Burmese a real stake in an Axis victory in the Second World War, creating resistance against possible re-colonization by the western powers, and increased military and economic support from Burma for the Japanese war effort.

A Burma Independence Preparatory Committee chaired by Ba Maw was formed 8 May 1943 with a wide variety of respected members. On 1 August 1943, Burma was proclaimed the independent State of Burma and the Japanese military government for Burma was officially dissolved. The new state quickly declared war on the United Kingdom and the United States and concluded a Treaty of Alliance with Japan.

Ba Maw became "Naingandaw Adipadi" (head of state) of Burma under the new constitution, with wide powers.

Government of the State of Burma

The first cabinet of the State of Burma consisted of:

  • Ba Maw, Prime Minister (in addition to his post as head of state)
  • General Aung San, Deputy Prime Minister
  • Ba Win, Minister of Home Affairs
  • Thakin Nu, Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Dr. Thein Maung, Minister of Finance (later replaced by U Set after he was appointed to be Burman ambassador to Japan)
  • General Aung San, Minister of Defence
  • Thein Maung, Minister of Justice
  • Hla Min, Minister of Education and Health
  • Thakin Than Tun, Minister of Agriculture (later became Minister of Transport)
  • U Mya, Minister of Commerce and Industry
  • Thakin Lay Maung, Minister of Communications and Irrigation
  • Bandula U Sein, Minister of Welfare and Publicity
  • Tun Aung, Minister of Co-Operation with Japan
  • Thakin Lun Baw, Public Works Recovery Minister

On 25 September 1943, as promised, Japan ceded all of the Shan states to Burma except for the part east of the Salween River i.e. Kengtung and Mongpan, which had already been given to Thailand. Ba Maw attended the Greater East Asia Conference in Tokyo from 5–6 November 1943.

Though now nominally independent, the power of the State of Burma to exercise its sovereignty was largely circumscribed by wartime agreements with Japan. The Imperial Japanese Army maintained a large presence and continued to act arbitrarily, despite Japan no longer having official control over Burma.

During 1943 and 1944, the Burma National Army made contacts with other political groups inside Burma, including the Communist Party of Burma which had been operating underground. Eventually, a popular front organization called the Anti-Fascist Organisation (AFO) was formed with Thakin Soe as the leader. Through the communists and the Japanese-sponsored Arakan Defence Army, the Burmese were eventually able to make contact with the British Force 136 in India. The initial contacts were always indirect. Force 136 was also able to make contacts with members of the BNA's Karen unit in Rangoon.

In December 1944, the AFO contacted the Allies, indicating their readiness to defect to the Allied cause by launching a national uprising which would include the forces of BNA. However, this was opposed by the British, who considering the timing to be unfavorable, and who had considerable reservations about supporting the BNA. The first BNA-led uprising against the Japanese occurred early in 1945 in central Burma.

On 27 March 1945, the remainder of the BNA paraded in Rangoon and marched out ostensibly to assist the Japanese army in the battles then raging in Central Burma against invading Allied forces. Instead, the BNA openly declared war on the Japanese. Aung San and others subsequently began negotiations with Lord Mountbatten and officially joined the Allies as the Patriotic Burmese Forces. Without the support of the BNA, the government of the State of Burma quickly collapsed, and Ba Maw fled via Thailand to Japan, where he was captured later that year and was held in Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, until 1946.

See also

References

  • Allen, Louis (1986). Burma: the Longest War 1941-45. J.M. Dent and Sons. ISBN 0-460-02474-4.
  • Lebra, Joyce C. (1975). Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents. Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, Ralph (1975). Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943-93: Transformations and Continuities. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-38140-1.
  • Kady, J (1958). "History of Modern Burma"
  • ^ "Article Language" (PDF). Constitution of State of Burma. 1943.
  • Read other articles:

    Bagian dari seri tentangHierarki Gereja KatolikSanto Petrus Gelar Gerejawi (Jenjang Kehormatan) Paus Kardinal Kardinal Kerabat Kardinal pelindung Kardinal mahkota Kardinal vikaris Moderator kuria Kapelan Sri Paus Utusan Sri Paus Kepala Rumah Tangga Kepausan Nunsio Apostolik Delegatus Apostolik Sindik Apostolik Visitor apostolik Vikaris Apostolik Eksarkus Apostolik Prefek Apostolik Asisten Takhta Kepausan Eparkus Metropolitan Batrik Uskup Uskup agung Uskup emeritus Uskup diosesan Uskup agung u...

     

    العلاقات التشيلية الشمال مقدونية تشيلي شمال مقدونيا   تشيلي   شمال مقدونيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات التشيلية الشمال مقدونية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين تشيلي وشمال مقدونيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية ...

     

    Ezekiel JacksonJackson pada tahun 2012Nama lahirRycklon StephensLahir22 April 1978 (umur 45)[1]Linden, GuyanaAlma materUniversity at BuffaloPasanganJenn Stephens ​(m. 2004)​Anak2Karier gulat profesionalNama ringBig Ryck[2]Big Ryck Hytz[1]Big RycklonBig ZekeEzekiel[1]Ezekiel Jackson[1]Ricky Atlas[1]RycklonRycklon Stephens[1]Tinggi6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[3]Berat309 pon (140 kg)&...

    Rincian dari lukisan Muse Urania dan Kalliope karya Simon Vouet. Dalam mitologi Yunani, Urania (Yunani: Οὐρανία) adalah salah seorang Musai. Dia adalah Mousai astronomi. Dia merupakan putri dari Zeus dan Mnemosine. Menurut beberapa pendapat, dia adalah ibu dari musisi Linos. Dia biasanya digambarkan dengan bola dunia di tangan kirinya. Dia bisa melhat masa depan dari susunan bintang. Kadang dia diasosiasikan dengan Cinta Universal dan Roh Suci. Dia mengenakan jubah bertaburkan bin...

     

    العلاقات الأوغندية الفرنسية أوغندا فرنسا   أوغندا   فرنسا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الأوغندية الفرنسية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين أوغندا وفرنسا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة أوغن�...

     

    Guerra civile grecaUnità di artiglieria dell'esercito ellenico durante la guerra civileData31 marzo 1946 - 30 agosto 1949 LuogoGrecia EsitoVittoria della Grecia del Sud Schieramenti Grecia del Sud Esercito Ellenico Regia Aeronautica Ellenica Gendarmeria ellenica Supporto da: Regno Unito (fino al 1947) Stati Uniti (dal 1947) Grecia del Nord Esercito Democratico Greco[1] Partito Comunista di Grecia Fronte di Liberazione NazionaleSupporto da: Unione Sovietica Jugosla...

    Suppressed rebellion in Ottoman Bulgaria April Uprising redirects here. For the John Butler Trio's fifth studio album, see April Uprising (album). April UprisingPart of Great Eastern CrisisDate20 April – mid-May 1876LocationOttoman BulgariaResult Uprising suppressed Suppression led to the Constantinople Conference, then to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and ultimately to the Liberation of BulgariaBelligerents Bulgarian revolutionaries  Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders Georgi B...

     

    German general Rudolf Freiherr von RomanRudolf Freiherr von Roman (2nd from right)Born19 November 1893Died18 February 1970(1970-02-18) (aged 76)Allegiance German Empire  Weimar Republic  Nazi GermanyService/branchArmyYears of service1912–45RankGeneral of the ArtilleryCommands held35. Infanterie DivisionXX. ArmeekorpsLXIV. ArmeekorpsBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Rudolf Freiherr von Roman (19 November 1893 – 18 Februa...

     

    Kotamadya Skjåk di Norwegia memiliki luas 2.079 km² dengan panjang utara-selatan 56,5 km dan jarak timur-barat 65,3 km. Skjåk berpenduduk 2.526 jiwa. Kepadatan penduduk mencapai 1,2 jiwa/km2. Kotamadya ini terletak di fylke Oppland barat laut dan beribu kota di Bismo. Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Norwegia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs

    Not to be confused with Isuzu MU. Mid-size SUV made by Isuzu Motors Motor vehicle Isuzu MU-XOverviewManufacturerIsuzuProduction2013–presentBody and chassisClassMid-size SUVBody style5-door SUVLayout Front-engine, rear-wheel drive Front-engine, four-wheel drive ChassisBody-on-frameRelatedIsuzu D-MaxChronologyPredecessorIsuzu MU-7Isuzu Panther (Indonesia)[1] The Isuzu MU-X is a mid-size SUV produced by Isuzu. It is a body-on-frame SUV based on the D-Max pickup truck, and the succ...

     

    This article is about the type of bottle. For the drink, see Spritzer. Actuation of a nasal-spray bottle, used to deliver medication via the nostrils Principle of operation of an atomizer A spray bottle is a bottle that can squirt, spray or mist fluids. History While spray bottles existed long before the middle of the 20th century, they used a rubber bulb which was squeezed to produce the spray; the quickly-moving air siphoned fluid from the bottle. The rapid improvement in plastics after Wor...

     

    Ethel WalesWales (kiri) pada kartu lobi untukLadies' Night in a Turkish Bath, 1928Lahir(1878-04-04)4 April 1878Passaic, New Jersey, Amerika SerikatMeninggal15 Februari 1952(1952-02-15) (umur 73)Hollywood, California, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1920–1950Suami/istri1) Wellington E. Wales (wafat 1966); 1 putra (Wellington Charles Wales (1918–1966))2) Hal Taliaferro Ethel Wales (4 April 1878 – 15 Februari 1952) adalah seorang pemeran asal Amerika Seri...

    كأس جمهورية أيرلندا 2016 تفاصيل الموسم كأس جمهورية أيرلندا  النسخة 93  البلد جمهورية أيرلندا  التاريخ بداية:2 أبريل 2016  نهاية:6 نوفمبر 2016  المنظم اتحاد أيرلندا لكرة القدم  البطل نادي كورك سيتي  عدد المشاركين 40   كأس جمهورية أيرلندا 2015  كأس جمهورية أيرلندا...

     

    American basketball player Kaela DavisDavis in 2019Personal informationBorn (1995-03-15) March 15, 1995 (age 29)Indianapolis, IndianaNationalityAmericanListed height6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Listed weight170 lb (77 kg)Career informationHigh schoolBuford (Buford, Georgia)College Georgia Tech (2013–2015) South Carolina (2016–2017) WNBA draft2017: 1st round, 10th overall pickSelected by the Dallas WingsPlaying career2017–presentPositionSmall forward / shooting guardCa...

     

    Nama ini menggunakan aturan penamaan Slavia Timur; nama patronimiknya adalah Georgiyevich dan nama keluarganya adalah Kulikov. Viktor KulikovNama lahirВиктор Георгиевич КуликовViktor Georgiyevich KulikovLahir(1921-07-05)5 Juli 1921Desa Verkhnyaya Lyubovsha, Oblast Oryol, Republik Sosialis Federatif Soviet RusiaMeninggal28 Mei 2013(2013-05-28) (umur 91)Moskwa, RusiaPengabdian Uni SovietLama dinas1940–1989PangkatMarsekal Uni SovietPerang/pertempuranPe...

    Existen desacuerdos sobre la neutralidad en el punto de vista de la versión actual de este artículo o sección.En la página de discusión puedes consultar el debate al respecto. Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel El Gran Duque de Alba III duque de Alba de Tormes, IV marqués de Coria, III conde de Salvatierra de Tormes, II conde de Piedrahíta, VIII señor de Valdecorneja y grande de España III duque de Alba de Tormes 1531-1582Predecesor Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Qui...

     

    American pop music songwriter, singer, and record producer For the baseball player, see Jeff Barry (baseball). J. Barry redirects here. For other uses, see Barry (name). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Jeff Barry&#...

     

    يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) الدوري البلغاري الممتاز 1964-65 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري البلغاري الممتاز  النسخة 41  البلد بلغاريا  الت�...

    Canadian curler (born 1980) Kevin FolkCurlerBorn (1980-07-26) July 26, 1980 (age 44)Saskatoon, SaskatchewanCurling career Brier appearances3 (2008, 2011, 2012)Top CTRS ranking10th (2007–08, 2009–10)Grand Slam victories0 Medal record Curling World Junior Championships 2000 Geising Kevin Folk (born July 26, 1980 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian curler from Kelowna, British Columbia. He previously played third for Jim Cotter. Career Folk won the 2000 Canadian Junior Curling Cha...

     

    Place in Sassandra-Marahoué, Ivory CoastGboguhéTown, sub-prefecture, and communeGboguhéLocation in Ivory CoastCoordinates: 6°45′N 6°35′W / 6.750°N 6.583°W / 6.750; -6.583Country Ivory CoastDistrictSassandra-MarahouéRegionHaut-SassandraDepartmentDaloaPopulation (2014)[1] • Total58,103Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT) Gboguhé is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture and commune of Daloa Department in Haut-Sassandra Region, Sa...