Renaissance Center

"Renaissance Centre" redirects here. For the skyscraper in Erie, Pennsylvania, see Renaissance Centre (Erie, Pennsylvania).
Renaissance Center
GM Renaissance Center in May 2022
Map
General information
TypeHotel
Commercial offices
Retail
Architectural styleModern
Brutalist
Location100 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan 48243
United States
Coordinates42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W / 42.3289; -83.0397
Construction started1973
Completed1977; 48 years ago (1977)
1981; 44 years ago (1981) (towers 500–600)
Renovated2004
OwnerGeneral Motors
ManagementCBRE Group
Height
Antenna spire750 ft (230 m)
Roof727 ft (222 m)
Top floor697 ft (212 m)
Dimensions
Diameter188 ft (57 m) (central tower)
Technical details
Floor count73 floors x 1
39 floors x 4
21 floors x 2
Floor area5,552,000 sq ft (515,800 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)John Portman & Associates
Structural engineerMorris E. Harrison & Associates
Main contractorTishman Construction
Renovating team
Architect(s)Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Gensler
SmithGroup
Ghafari Associates
Main contractorTurner Construction
Other information
Public transit access Renaissance Center
Bus transport DDOT 3, 9
Bus transport SMART FAST Michigan, Woodward
Bus transport SMART 805, 851
Bus transport Transit Windsor Tunnel Bus
Website
gmrencen.com
References
[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center
Map
Hotel chainMarriott International
General information
LocationUnited States
Address400 Renaissance Center Drive
Detroit, Michigan
Coordinates42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W / 42.3289; -83.0397
Opening1977
OwnerGeneral Motors
ManagementMarriott Hotels & Resorts
Height727 ft (222 m)
Technical details
Floor count73
Floor areaMeeting space: 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2)
Other information
Number of rooms1,246
Number of suites52
Number of restaurantsCoach Insignia
Forty-two Degrees North
Volt
ParkingValet and self
Website
www.marriott.com/dtwdt
[3][7][4]

The Renaissance Center, commonly known as the RenCen,[8] is a complex of seven connected skyscrapers in downtown Detroit, Michigan, United States. Located on the Detroit International Riverfront, the RenCen is owned and used by General Motors as its world headquarters. The complex includes a 73-story Marriott hotel at its center,[a] surrounded by four 39-story office towers, connected by a large square podium containing public spaces, a conference center, retail stores, restaurants, and a company showroom.[9][10]

Developed as an urban renewal project in the 1970s, the Renaissance Center was envisioned as a "city-within-a-city," and was meant to anchor a wider redevelopment of the then-declining city of Detroit. The project was developed and funded by a consortium led by the Ford Motor Company, and John Portman served as its principal architect.[10] The five original towers were built in the Modern architectural style and completed in 1977, with two matching towers added later in 1981.

General Motors purchased the Renaissance Center in 1996, and relocated its global headquarters to the complex. An extensive renovation, completed in 2004, significantly altered its Brutalist interior, improved access to the center from downtown, and added a new glass retail atrium and public plaza on the riverfront.[11][12][13]

A distinctive feature of Detroit's skyline, the RenCen is widely considered to be a landmark and cultural icon of the city.[8][14] With 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) of usable space, it is one of the world's largest commercial complexes, and the central tower has been the tallest building in Michigan since its completion in 1977.[5][15] At the time of its completion, the Renaissance Center was the largest private development in the history of the United States,[16] and the central tower was the world's tallest hotel.[17]

In recent years, the massive center has struggled with declining occupancy, particularly stemming from increased remote work amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.[18][19] General Motors has announced plans to relocate its headquarters away from the Renaissance Center in 2025, leaving the future of the complex uncertain. Redevelopment of the RenCen is currently under consideration, and could include full or partial demolition.[8][20]

History

The idea was first conceived by Henry Ford II, then-chairman of the Ford Motor Company. In 1970, to bring his idea to life, Ford teamed up with other business leaders to form the Detroit Renaissance. This was a private non-profit development organization which Ford headed in order to stimulate building activity and revitalize the economy of Detroit.[21][22] Henry Ford II sold the concept of the RenCen to the City and community leaders. Detroit Mayor Roman Gribbs touted the project as a complete rebuilding from bridge to bridge, referring to the area between the Ambassador Bridge, that connects Detroit to Windsor, Ontario, and the MacArthur Bridge, which connects the city with Belle Isle Park.[21]

The Detroit Renaissance announced the first phase of construction in 1971, receiving primary financing from the Ford Motor Company. It soon became the world's largest private development with an anticipated 1971 cost of $500 million.[21] The principal architect was John Portman, the architect behind the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel and the Peachtree Center in Atlanta, Georgia; the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, California; and the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, California.

The city within a city arose. The first phase of Renaissance Center opened on July 1, 1976. For phase I, the facade of the first five towers was covered with 2,000,000 square feet (186,000 m2) of glass, and used about 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m3) of concrete.[21] This did not include the additional glass used for the atriums.[9] It also cost $337 million to construct, employing 7,000 workers.[21] The heating and cooling systems for the buildings were housed in two-story concrete berms facing Jefferson Avenue.[23] Other phases that included residences, additional office and retail space were never constructed.

When the Renaissance Center opened, the cylindrical central tower was originally the flagship of Westin Hotels. The top three floors of the hotel hosted an upscale restaurant, The Summit, that rotated to allow a 360 degree view.[9] The shopping center in the podium originally housed high-end boutiques, but now contains a greater complement of restaurants in the retail mix.[21]

In 1977, managed by Western International Hotels,[21] the central hotel tower of the Renaissance Center opened as the Detroit Plaza Hotel. It became the world's tallest all-hotel skyscraper[17] surpassing its architectural twin, the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta. Its opening ended the Penobscot Building's 49-year reign as the tallest building in Michigan. The hotel was later renamed The Westin Hotel Renaissance Center Detroit. In 1986, it was surpassed in height by The Westin Stamford in Singapore. Since, the Renaissance Center's central tower has held the distinction as the tallest all-hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.[17][24]

On April 15, 1977, Henry Ford II and Detroit mayor Coleman Young unveiled a plaque commemorating the private investors whose funds made the project possible. Later that evening, 650 business and society leaders attended a benefit to celebrate the Renaissance Center's formal dedication. The money raised from the $300-per-couple tickets went to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.

GM World exhibit inside the Renaissance Center

During the 1980 Republican National Convention, hosted at nearby Joe Louis Arena, presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and former President Gerald Ford both stayed at the Renaissance Center.[25][26]

In 1987, the elevated Detroit People Mover transit line began operation with a stop at the Renaissance Center.

General Motors ownership

In 1996, General Motors purchased the complex and moved its world headquarters from what is now the historic Cadillac Place state office complex in the New Center district,[27] to the Renaissance Center, in downtown Detroit. Meanwhile, Ford Motor Company maintained offices in one of the towers in the center.[28] Before the acquisition, Sibley's Shoes had its headquarters in the center.

In December 2001, General Motors unveiled the Wintergarden retail atrium. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, it rises 103 feet (31 m) tall at its highest point opening direct access to the International Riverfront. In addition, the atrium contains 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of retail space and 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of contiguous main floor exhibit space which was used by the media during Super Bowl XL.[15]

The $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center completed in 2003 has helped improve Detroit's economy.[11] Together, GM's renovation of the Renaissance Center and the Detroit Riverwalk exceeded $1 billion; the project constituted a substantial investment in downtown. More than 10,000 people (of whom 6,000 are GM employees) work in the complex.[29] Nearly 2,000 state workers now occupy GM's former office building, the restored Cadillac Place, in the historic New Center district.[27]

Architects' initial design for the Renaissance Center focused on creating secure interior spaces, while its design later expanded and improved to connect with the exterior spaces and waterfront through a reconfigured interior, open glass entryways, and a winter garden.[10][30] By 2004, GM completed an extensive $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center.[11] This included a $100 million makeover for the hotel. Among GM's first actions was to remove the concrete berms facing Jefferson Avenue. The renovation includes a lighted glass walkway which encircles the interior mezzanine for ease of navigation, while the addition of the winter garden provides riverfront access and a view of Canada. A covered skyway over Jefferson Avenue connects to the Millender Center, Courtyard by Marriott - Downtown Detroit, and Coleman A. Young Municipal Center.[11]

The Wintergarden added to the Renaissance Center faces the Riverfront and provides panoramic views of the Windsor skyline. The complex connects offices, the hotel, retail specialty shops, restaurants, a jazz club, and a movie theater. The theater has since closed and been converted to offices.[31] A pedestrian-friendly glass entryway has replaced the former concrete berms along Jefferson Avenue. The redevelopment provides the GM World display of vehicles, a restored hotel, a renovated rooftop restaurant, and the addition of GM's corporate logo to crown the top of the building. Construction of the lighted glass walkway facilitates ease of navigation encircling the interior mezzanine. Hines completed redevelopment of Towers 500 and 600 for GM in 2004.[15][32][33]

The Riverfront Promenade was dedicated on December 17, 2004, and helped to usher in a return to recreational uses along Detroit's International Riverfront. GM played a key role in the transformation of the east riverfront with a donation of $135 million to the Detroit Riverfront Conservancy for the development of a world class riverfront promenade planned at $559 million, which included $50 million from the Kresge foundation.[34] In 2011, the Detroit Wayne County Port Authority opened its new state of the art cruise ship dock and passenger terminal on Hart Plaza, adjacent to the Renaissance Center.[35][36] Port authority bonds financed another 1,500 space parking garage adjacent to the Renaissance Center. Further upriver, the Roberts Riverwalk Hotel faces the east riverfront. In addition to the gradual continuation of the riverfront promenade, other planned projects complementing the Renaissance Center continue along the International Riverfont which include development of luxury condominiums, a cruise ship passenger terminal, retail, and entertainment venues.[37]

In 2011, the Renaissance Center added colored LED lighting on the top of its towers (Towers 500 and 600 utilize traditional blue floodlights to illuminate their top floors). General Motors added a large illuminated LED corporate logo which also displays GM divisions. The animated logo and illuminated LED color bands around the towers can be used to support special events and may be seen from Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers. The renovation of TCF Center convention and exhibit facility incorporates similar blue neon lighting along riverfront promenade.

In July 2010, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan announced plans to lease 435,245 square feet (40,435.6 m2) of Tower 500 and Tower 600 and relocate 3,000 of its employees from its building in Southfield, Michigan.

In January 2015, General Motors announced its intent to renovate much of the complex to make it more inviting as a destination for visitors to Detroit.[38] That July, the complex was re-branded as "The GMRENCEN, and" Its logo was modernized and "Reflecting a New Detroit" was introduced as the new tagline. A photo-journalistic advertising campaign launched to "shine a spotlight on the people in Detroit who make remarkable contributions" to the city.

The Renaissance Center is owned by General Motors. The hotel in the central tower is now managed by the Marriott hotel chain and is called the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center. The 1,298-room hotel is one of the largest operated by Marriott. The rooftop restaurant (which previously had revolved) received a $10 million renovation and was operated by The Epicurean Groups's Coach Insignia (closed in 2017[39]). It served Coach wines, a product of the Fisher family whose legacy includes Fisher Body, a name which is part of GM history.[40]

The Renaissance Center's renovation provides for the prospect of continued development and restorations throughout the city. Architectural critics have touted the city's architecture as among North America's finest.[10][41]

In its first year of operation it generated over $1 billion in economic growth for the downtown.[9] Detroit Renaissance continued to interact with the city, by contributing to a variety of projects within the downtown area in the ensuing decades.

General Motors exit and redevelopment

On April 15, 2024, GM announced its intention to move its headquarters from the Renaissance Center to the under-construction Hudson's Detroit in 2025.[42] GM publicly committed to redeveloping the RenCen, but their planned exit sparked public speculation that it could be demolished, a possibility which CEO Mary Barra declined to rule out.[43] GM retained Bedrock Detroit, the real estate firm developing Hudson's Detroit, to consult on the redevelopment.[44]

GM and Bedrock revealed a conceptual plan for the RenCen's redevelopment in November 2024.[45][46] The plan calls for the demolition of two of the RenCen's office towers, 300 and 400, and most of the existing public and retail spaces at its base.[46] Under this plan, one of the remaining office towers would be converted to rental apartments; the central tower would remain a hotel, but its upper floors would also be converted to rental apartments.[14]

The two companies stated that they planned to provide the majority of the $1.6 billion required for the proposed redevelopment, but they expect $250 million in subsidies from the state of Michigan, and $100 million in tax-increment financing from the Detroit Downtown Development Authority.[14][47][48] The companies' demand for taxpayer funding of the project was met with public opposition by many state lawmakers, including Matt Hall, the speaker-elect of the Michigan House of Representatives.[14] In response, General Motors later stated that if lawmakers did not provide taxpayer funding, they would demolish the entire RenCen at their own expense, a proposal described by the Detroit Free Press as "likely... the largest voluntary skyscraper demolition in world history."[20] Opponents of the demolition likened the proposal to "extortion".[20][49]

Location

A view of the Detroit International Riverfront from Belle Isle

The Renaissance Center is a riverfront property located along the Detroit River. Approximately one-mile north of the center are Comerica Park and Ford Field, the respective venues for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions. The US portal of the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel emerges adjacent to the western boundary of the Renaissance Center. The Renaissance Center is also a station on the Detroit People Mover.[22] Additionally a pedestrian skyway, over Jefferson Avenue, connects the complex to the Millender Center. Several blocks to the west of the Renaissance Center, along Jefferson Avenue, there are the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center, Hart Plaza, Huntington Place (formerly Cobo Center, home to events such as the North American International Auto Show and Youmacon) and the Joe Louis Arena (former home of the Detroit Red Wings). The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located just across Jefferson Avenue. The Renaissance Center's modernist architecture balances the city's panoramic waterfront skyline, a frequent feature in photography taken from Windsor, Ontario,[22] across the river. From the top of Renaissance Center's previous Coach Insignia restaurant (closed in 2017[39]), patrons were able to peer down upon the neogothic spires of the One Detroit Center and the city's Financial District skyscrapers and stadiums. The view from the top extended for 30 miles (48 km) in all directions.

International Riverfront and Rivard Plaza merry-go-round

The Renaissance Center grounds constitute ZIP code 48243.[50][51]

Architecture

Renaissance Center from Jefferson Avenue
Aerial shot

The centerpiece is the 73-story 727-foot (221.5 m) luxury hotel with 1,246 rooms and 52 suites (1298 total guest rooms). Its height is measured from its main Wintergarden entrance on Atwater Street which faces the International Riverfront where the complex measures 14 feet (4.3 m) taller. Entirely owned by General Motors, the complex has 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) of space.[5][29] The main Renaissance Center complex rises from a 14-acre (5.7 ha) site.[29] The complex is designed in the modern architectural style with glass as a main material.

Circulation Ring of Renaissance Center

Famous for its cylindrical design, the central hotel tower's diameter is 188 feet (57 m).[29] A lighted glass walkway radiates the mezzanine level and encircles the base of cylindrical hotel tower for ease of navigation. This ringed glass walkway is about 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and has a circumference of approximately 660 feet (200 m) or about one-eighth of a mile around.[29] The ringed walkway's diameter is approximately 210 feet (64 m). It links to several other walkways in the complex. The five-story Wintergarden atrium leads into the central area which has an eight-story atrium lobby with rounded concrete balconies and terraces. The Highlands is located on Floors 71 through 73, which includes a restaurant, scotch bar, and special events space.[52] The hotel has no floors labeled 7, 8, or 13. The hotel features a major conference center with 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of meeting space including a Renaissance Ballroom for up to 2,200 guests with 26,000 square feet (2,400 m2) for events, one of the largest in the United States.[9][10]

John Portman designed the five-building rosette with interior spaces.[10] In 1977, its central tower opened as the tallest hotel in the world.[17] It remains the tallest all hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.[17] The smaller cylinders on sides of all the towers house the elevators. The four surrounding 39-story office towers (100–400) each reach 522 feet (159 m) and have a total of 2,200,000 square feet (204,400 m2) of space.[15][29] Each 39-story tower has a base five-story podium structure with 165,000 square feet (15,300 m2) for retail space for a total of 660,000 square feet (61,000 m2).[15] A portion of the central atrium area houses GM World, a showcase for GM vehicles. Two 21-story towers (500–600), designed by Portman and constructed in 1981, reach 339 feet (103 m). GM gained control of Towers 500 and 600 in 2001.[15] Tower 500 has 307,300 square feet (28,550 m2) of office space and an additional 14,485 square feet (1,350 m2) of retail space.[32] Tower 600 has 304,200 square feet (28,260 m2) of office space and an additional 35,730 square feet (3,320 m2) of retail space.[33]

Towers 100 and 200 front Jefferson Avenue. Towers 300 and 400 are on the main Wintergarden/Atwater Street entrance facing the Riverfront. The GM Renaissance Conference Center is located on the second floor of tower 300.[15]

The design is consistent with the themes of Brutalist architecture, especially in the heavy massing of concrete on the lower floors, but the 2001 renovation has softened those features.

The "city within a city" concept was duplicated in the suburb of Southfield, when the Southfield Town Center office complex - with five inter-connected golden skyscrapers and an overall area of 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2) - was constructed from 1975 to 1989. In the ensuing years, the Renaissance Center would face competition from the growing suburban office market.[9]

Redevelopment

GM Plaza and Promenade at the Renaissance Center along the International Riverfront

The redevelopment project included the work of many different architects including Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, SmithGroup of Detroit, and Ghafari Associates of Dearborn who did the renovation of the office towers. The majority of the construction operations were led by Turner Construction Company. The structural glass and steel for the Wintergarden, the entrance lobby as well as the mezzanine glass walkway were contributed by Mero. The cost of the renovation does not include the cost for reconfiguring the streets around the Renaissance Center or the cost of the park along the International Riverfront.

The Wintergarden was added to the Renaissance Center in 2001, along with retail shops and restaurants.

Technical details and tenants

Renaissance Center structures, with selected dimensions and tenants
Building Year Stories Height
feet (m) 		Area
sq. feet (m2) 		Principal tenant(s)
Central Tower 1977 73 727 (221.5) 1,812,000 (168,300) est.
  • Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center
  • The Highlands.[52] Previous tenants included The Summit Restaurant (including a revolving top floor), which was later replaced by Coach Insignia restaurant, which closed in 2017)[39]
Tower 100 (Southwest) 1977 39 522 (159) 550,000 (51,100)
Tower 200 (Northwest) 1977 39 522 (159) 550,000 (51,100)
Tower 300 (Northeast) 1977 39 522 (159) 550,000 (51,100)
  • General Motors
  • The Renaissance Conference Center on level 2 contains 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m2) of meeting space.[53]
Tower 400 (Southeast) 1977 39 522 (159) 550,000 (51,100)
Podium beneath
Towers 100–400 		1977 5 103 (31.39) 660,000 (61,300)
  • GM Showroom
  • Food Court
  • Exhibit space and retail
Tower 500

(River East Center)

1981 21 339 (103) 320,000 (29,700)
Tower 600

(River East Center)

1981 21 339 (103) 340,000 (31,600)
Wintergarden & Restaurants 2001 5 103 (31.39) 150,000 (14,000)
  • Andiamo
  • Panera Bread
Wintergarden atrium 2001 5 103 (31.39) 40,000 (3,700) Main entry and exhibit space
Renaissance Center total 5,552,000 (515,800) Owner of complex: General Motors
Property management firm: CBRE

In June 2015 the Ren Cen 4 Theatres theater complex announced that it was closing.[57] With the end of Ren Cen 4, the city of Detroit has one first-run theater remaining, along with three independent theaters.[58]

In July 2007 portions of Asian Village, a development of restaurants in Suite 2653 in the GM Center (200 Renaissance Center) with Asian cuisine offered, opened. The center was designed to evoke street food stalls within East and Southeast Asia.[59]

Notable events

Renaissance Center shows a giant baseball hitting the building and the words, “4,612 ft.,” the distance to Comerica Park’s home plate, during the MLB All-Star Game (2005).
The Wintergarden provides contiguous main floor exhibition space, which was used by the media during Super Bowl XL (2006).
  • For the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, which was played at Comerica Park in Detroit, the center tower of the Renaissance Center was wrapped with an image of a large baseball smashing into the tower, with "4,612 FT" written below it to indicate the distance from home plate at Comerica Park.[60]

Given the RenCen's prominent position in Detroit's skyline, it appears in a myriad of media depicting the city. The following is an incomplete list of notable appearances in popular media.

  • The opening scenes of Thunder in the Skies, the sixth episode of the BBC science-history documentary Connections (1978), were visibly filmed in the then-new Renaissance Center.[67]
  • The Renaissance Center is featured in the film Action Jackson (1988).[68]
  • In Collision Course (1989), Pat Morita's and Jay Leno's characters first meet in the Renaissance Center; Morita's character is considered a suspect and chased through the hotel.[69]
  • A chase scene in Bird on a Wire (1990) was filmed inside the RenCen.[citation needed]
  • In the opening scene of Renaissance Man (1994), Danny DeVito's character drives down Jefferson Avenue, late for a business meeting at the Renaissance Center, when he receives the phone call that fires him from his job.[70]
  • The Renaissance Center is featured in Grosse Pointe Blank (1997).[71]
  • In Out of Sight (1998), the main characters meet in the revolving restaurant atop the Renaissance Center.[72][73]
  • In The Upside of Anger (2005), Kevin Costner plays a DJ for WRIF, whose studio (as depicted in the film) is housed in the Renaissance Center.[74]
  • Killshot (2008) features an opening scene in which Mickey Rourke's character, a hitman, drives a blue Cadillac along Jefferson Avenue, and enters the Marriott to assassinate a mafia leader.[75]
  • The History Channel's Life After People: The Series "Roads to Nowhere" episode featured the Renaissance Center.[76]
  • It was used as a primary filming location for Real Steel (2011).[77]
  • In a book by Adrian Humphreys titled The Weasel: A Double Life in the Mob, the former driver of Jimmy Hoffa and a mob associate Marvin "The Weasel" Elkind stated that Hoffa is buried in the foundations of the Renaissance Center (2011).[78][79]
  • The series finale of Motor City Masters was filmed in the GM World exhibit in the lower level of the Renaissance Center in 2014.[80]
  • The Renaissance Center was prominently featured in Need for Speed (2014).[81][82]
  • The RenCen is depicted in the album art of the Eminem albums Recovery (2010) and Curtain Call 2 (2022).[83][84] His music video for "Lose Yourself" was filmed in Detroit, thus contains numerous shots of the city, including the building.[85]
  • GM's 2022 Super Bowl commercial was set in the RenCen. The ad depicted Dr. Evil and other characters from the Austin Powers film series seizing control of the company, and meeting in a fictional office on an upper floor of the central tower.[86][87] As part of the promotion, Dr. Evil's face was displayed on the actual tower's screens, in place of the GM logo, in the weeks preceding the Super Bowl.[88][89]

Notes

  1. ^ Despite the name, the hotel is not affiliated with the Renaissance Hotels chain, also owned by Marriott.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Renaissance Center at Glass Steel and Stone (archived)
  3. ^ a b "Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center". SkyscraperPage.
  4. ^ a b Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center at Structurae
  5. ^ a b c GM Renaissance Center – Project Facts Archived August 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Skidmore Ownings & Merrill. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  6. ^ "Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center Facts". CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  7. ^ "Marriott Renaissance Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28.
  8. ^ a b c Frank, Annalise (2024-04-17). "What's next for the Renaissance Center". Axios. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Meyer, Katherine Mattingly; McElroy, Martin C.P.; Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A.I.A. (1980). Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1651-4.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
  11. ^ a b c d Mercer, Tenisha (2005-10-19). "GM's RenCen renovation attracts new business back". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2007-07-24.[dead link‍]
  12. ^ AIA Detroit Urban Priorities Committee, (January 10, 2006).Top 10 Detroit Interiors Model D Media. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
  13. ^ Sharoff, Robert (2004-09-15). "G.M. Helps to Drive a Detroit Revival". The New York Times.
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  15. ^ a b c d e f g GM Renaissance Center.Hines. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
  16. ^ Austin, Dan. "Renaissance Center". Historic Detroit. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
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  18. ^ LaReau, Jamie; Reindl, JC. "Detroit's RenCen is at a crossroads — and only GM knows what's next". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 2022-06-23.
  19. ^ Curry, Ebony JJ (2024-06-04). "A Renaissance at Risk: Detroit's Iconic Center Faces Uncertain Future". The Michigan Chronicle. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  20. ^ a b c Ikonomova, Violet (2024-12-01). "'Extortion' tactic: GM panned for floating five-tower RenCen demo if tax breaks rejected". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
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  22. ^ a b c Hill, Eric J.; Gallagher, John (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
  23. ^ "Renaissance Center: Jefferson Street Entrance (Detroit, MI) : Close view of the new glass football-shaped entry pavilion - Yale University Library". findit.library.yale.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  24. ^ "Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-29. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  25. ^ Poremba, David Lee (2001). Detroit in Its World Setting (timeline). Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2870-9.
  26. ^ Gavrilovich, Peter; McGraw, Bill (2006). The Detroit Almanac (2nd ed.). Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8.
  27. ^ a b New Center Council. Retrieved on May 16, 2009.
  28. ^ Meredith, Robin (1996-05-17). "G.M. Buys A Landmark Of Detroit For Its Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
  29. ^ a b c d e f Historical Perspective. GM Renaissance Center. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
  30. ^ Portman, John; Barnett, Jonathan (1976). The Architect as Developer. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-050536-5.
  31. ^ Witsil, Frank (2015-07-30). "After long run, Ren Cen 4 Theatre closing". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  32. ^ a b c Tower 500 Archived January 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.Hines. Retrieved on August 22, 2009.
  33. ^ a b c Tower 600 Archived July 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.Hines. Retrieved on August 22, 2009.
  34. ^ Detroit News Editorial (December 13, 2002). At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront. Detroit News.
  35. ^ Detroit Wayne County Port Authority Breaks Ground on $11.25 Million Public Dock and Terminal. (June 21, 2004). PRNewswire. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
  36. ^ Gallagher, John (2011-07-17). "First Cruise Passengers Arrive at new Detroit Terminal". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
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