Religion in Istanbul

Istanbul text with Abrahamic religions' symbols.

Religion in Istanbul covers the issue of religion in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. More than 90% of Istanbul's population are Sunni Muslims and Alevism forms the second biggest religious group. A 2019 survey study by KONDA that examined the religiosity of the voting-age adults in Istanbul showed that 47% of the surveyed had a religion and were trying to practise its requirements. This was followed by nonobservant people with 34% who identified with a religion but generally did not practise its requirements. 11% stated they were fully devoted to their religion, meanwhile 4% were non-believers who did not believe the rules and requirements of a religion and 4% were atheists who did not believe in religion at all. 24% of the surveyed also identified themselves as "religious conservatives".[1]

According to the 2000 census, there were 2691 active mosques, 123 active churches and 20 active synagogues in Istanbul; as well as 109 Muslim cemeteries and 57 non-Muslim cemeteries.[citation needed] Religious minorities include Greek Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, Catholic Levantines, Assyrian Christians,[2] and Sephardic Jews. Some neighbourhoods have been known with their sizeable populations of these ethnic groups, such as the Kumkapı neighbourhood, which had a significant Armenian population, the Balat neighbourhood, which used to have a sizeable Jewish population, the Fener neighbourhood with a large Greek population, and some neighbourhoods in Nişantaşı and Pera, which had sizeable Levantine populations. In some quarters, such as Ortaköy or Kuzguncuk, an Armenian church sits next to a synagogue, and on the other side of the road a Greek Orthodox church is found beside a mosque.

Istanbul was the final seat of the Islamic Caliphate, from 1517 to 1924, when the Caliphate was dissolved and its powers were handed over to the Turkish Parliament. The seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, spiritual leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church since the 4th century AD, is located in the Fener (Phanar) district. Also based in Istanbul are the archbishop of the Turkish Orthodox Church, the Armenian Patriarchate, and the Turkish Chief Rabbi (Hahambasi). Istanbul was formerly also the seat of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other Orthodox churches.

Islam

Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul.

The urban landscape of Istanbul is shaped by many communities. The most populous major religion is Islam. The first mosque in Istanbul was built in Kadıköy (ancient Chalcedon) on the Asian side of the city, which was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1353, a full century before the conquest of Constantinople across the Bosphorus, on the European side. The first mosque on the European side of Istanbul was built inside the Rumelian Castle in 1452. The first grand mosque which was built in the city proper is the Eyüp Sultan Mosque (1458), while the first imperial mosque inside the city walls was the Fatih Mosque (1470) which was built on the site of the Church of the Holy Apostles, an important Byzantine church which was originally edificed in the time of Constantine the Great. Many other imperial mosques were built in the following centuries, such as the famous Süleymaniye Mosque (1557) which was ordered by Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by the great Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan, and the famous Sultan Ahmed Mosque (1616) which is also known as the "Blue Mosque" for the blue tiles which adorn its interior.

Istanbul was the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, between 1517 and 1924. Some of the personal belongings of Muhammad and the earliest caliphs who followed him are today preserved in the Topkapı Palace, the Eyüp Sultan Mosque and in several other prominent mosques of Istanbul.

The conquest of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453 enabled the Ottomans to consolidate their empire in Anatolia and Thrace. The Ottomans later revived the title of caliph during the reign of Sultan Selim. Despite the absence of a formal institutional structure, Sunni religious functionaries played an important political role. Justice was dispensed by religious courts; in theory, the codified system of sharia regulated all aspects of life, at least for the Muslim subjects of the empire. The head of the judiciary ranked directly below the sultan and was second in power only to the grand vizier. Early in the Ottoman period, the office of grand mufti of Istanbul evolved into that of Sheikh ul-Islam (shaykh, or leader of Islam), which had ultimate jurisdiction over all the courts in the empire and consequently exercised authority over the interpretation and application of sharia. Legal opinions pronounced by the Sheikh were considered definitive interpretations.

Christianity

Pammakaristos Church has the largest amount of Byzantine mosaics in Istanbul after the Hagia Sophia and Chora Church
Orthodox Church in Constantinople around 1875, by Fabius Brest
Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul built in Istanbul during Ottoman Empire.
Bulgarian St. Stephen Church built in Istanbul during Ottoman Empire.
Syriac Catholic Church in Istanbul.

Constantinople is generally considered to be the center and the "cradle of Orthodox Christian civilization".[3][4] The city has been the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate since the 4th century AD, and continues to serve as the seat of some other Orthodox churches, such as the Turkish Orthodox Church and the Armenian Patriarchate. The city was formerly also the seat of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before its autocephaly was recognized by other Orthodox churches.

Following the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II established the Millet System, according to which the different ethnic groups within Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire were to be governed by a group of institutions based on faith. For this purpose, Mehmed II also founded previously non-existent religious authorities such as the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1461. Earlier, the Byzantines considered the Armenian Church as heretic and did not allow the Armenians to have churches inside the walls of Constantinople. Several Armenian saints, such as Saint Narses, were exiled and imprisoned in the Princes' Islands near Constantinople, in the Sea of Marmara. With the Millet System, a great deal of the internal affairs regarding these communities were assigned to the administration of these religious authorities; such as the Ecumenical Patriarchate for the affairs of all Orthodox Christians, the Armenian Patriarchate for the affairs of the Armenian (and for some time also the Syriac) Christians, and later the Chief Rabbi for the affairs of the Jews.

As middleman minorities, Greeks (Phanariots) and Armenians in Istanbul they were overrepresented in commerce.[5][6] The wealthy, Constantinople-based Amira class, a social elite whose members included the Duzians (Directors of the Imperial Mint), the Balyans (Chief Imperial Architects) and the Dadians (Superintendent of the Gunpowder Mills and manager of industrial factories).[7][8] It was the wealth of the extensive Phanariots merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821.[9]

Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either Greek Orthodox, members of the Armenian Apostolic Church or Catholic Levantines.[10] The everyday life of the Christians (50%), particularly the Greeks (260,000) and Armenians (160,000), living in Istanbul changed significantly following the bitter conflicts between these ethnic groups and the Turks during the Decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 1820s and continued for a century. The conflicts reached their culmination in the decade between 1912 and 1922; during the Balkan Wars, the First World War and the Turkish War of Independence. The city's Greek Orthodox community was exempted from the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 following the establishment of the Turkish Republic. However, a series of special restrictions and taxes during the years of the Second World War (see, e.g., the wealth tax Varlık Vergisi), and the Istanbul Pogrom of 1955 which caused the deaths of 15 Greeks and the injury of 32 others, greatly increased emigration from Istanbul to Greece. In 1964, all Greeks without Turkish citizenship residing in Turkey (around 12,000[11]) were deported. Today, most of Turkey's remaining Greek and Armenian minorities live in or near Istanbul. The number of the Armenians in Istanbul today amount to approximately 40,000 or 70,000,[12][13] while the Greek community amounted to slightly more than 3,000 at the beginning of the 21st century. As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Assyrians live in Istanbul.[14]

Beside the mostly Catholic Levantines, who are the descendants of European (Genoese, Venetian and French) traders who established trading outposts during the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, there is also a small, scattered number of Bosphorus Germans. A number of places reflect past movements of different communities into Istanbul, most notably Arnavutköy (Albanian village), Polonezköy (Polish village) and Yenibosna (New Bosnia).

There were more than 40,000 Catholic Italians in Istanbul at the turn of the 20th century, a figure which not only included the descendants of the local Genoese and Venetian merchants who lived there since the Byzantine and early Ottoman periods, but also the numerous Italian workers and artisans who came to the city from Italy during the 19th century. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini came to Constantinople in 1832, and again in 1833. Garibaldi lived in Beyoğlu and taught Italian, French and Mathematics in the foreign schools of this district. Garibaldi also established the Società Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso on May 17, 1863, in Beyoğlu, and became its first President (Mazzini was the second President).[15] The Società Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso is still active and is located in its original site, on a side street of İstiklal Avenue. The number of Istanbul's Italians decreased after the end of the Ottoman Empire for several reasons. The Turkish Republic no longer recognized the trade privileges that were given to the descendants of the Genoese and Venetian merchants, and foreigners were no longer allowed to work in Turkey in a wide number of sectors, including many artisanships, in which numerous Istanbulite Italians used to work. The Varlık Vergisi (Wealth Tax) of the World War II years, which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims and foreigners in Turkey, also played an important role in the migration of Istanbul's Italians to Italy—who still live in the city, but in far fewer numbers when compared with the early 20th century. The influence of the Italian community of Istanbul, however, is still visible in the architecture of many quarters, particularly Galata, Beyoğlu and Nişantaşı.

The Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox church, opened on 8 October 2023, is the first church built since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.[16]

Judaism

Hemdat Israel Synagogue in Istanbul.

The Sephardic Jews have lived in the city for over 500 years, see the history of the Jews in Turkey. The Sephardic Jews contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first Gutenberg press in Istanbul was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493, who excelled in many areas, particularly medicine, trade and banking. The Camondo family was highly influential in the Ottoman banking sector. The famous Camondo Stairs on the Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in Karaköy (Galata) was built by them. More than 20,000 Sephardic Jews still remain in Istanbul today.

Romaniotes and Ashkenazi Jews resided in Istanbul even before the Sephardim, but their proportion has since dwindled; today, just 1 percent of Istanbul's Jews are Ashkenazi.[17][18] The Avusturya Sinagogu (Austrian Synagogue), also known as the Aşkenaz Sinagogu (Ashkenazi Synagogue) is one of the most famous synagogues in Istanbul and stands out with its interesting architecture. A wave of Ashkenazi Jews came to Istanbul during the 1930s and 1940s following the rise of Nazism in Germany which persecuted the Ashkenazi Jews of central and eastern Europe.

Today, a total of 20 active synagogues are to be found in the city, the most important of them being the Neve Shalom Synagogue inaugurated in 1951, in the Beyoğlu quarter. The Turkish Grand Rabbi in Istanbul (currently Ishak Haleva) presides over community affairs.

A decrease in the population of the city's Jewish community occurred after the independence of the State of Israel in 1948, but the Turkish Jews who migrated to that country helped to establish strong relationships between Turkey and Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University. As of 2022, the Jewish population in Turkey is around 14,500,[19] with the majority of them living in either Istanbul or İzmir.

References and notes

  1. ^ "23 Haziran 2019 Sandık Analizi ve Seçmen Kümeleri" (PDF). KONDA.
  2. ^ DHA, Daily Sabah with (2019-01-10). "Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  3. ^ Parry, Ken (2009). Christianity: Religions of the Wold. Infobase Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 9781438106397.
  4. ^ Parry, Ken (2010). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368. ISBN 9781444333619.
  5. ^ Bloxham, Donald (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford University Press. p. 8-9. ISBN 978-0-19-927356-0.
  6. ^ "Phanariote". Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Online Edition.
  7. ^ Barsoumian, Hagop (1982), "The Dual Role of the Armenian Amira Class within the Ottoman Government and the Armenian Millet (1750–1850)", in Braude, Benjamin; Lewis, Bernard (eds.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, vol. I, New York: Holmes & Meier
  8. ^ Barsoumian, Hagop (1997), "The Eastern Question and the Tanzimat Era", in Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.), The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, vol. II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's, pp. 175–201, ISBN 0-312-10168-6
  9. ^ "History of Greece, Ottoman Empire, The merchant middle class". Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.
  10. ^ Çelik, Zeynep (1993). The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-08239-7.
  11. ^ The European Union and Border Conflicts: The EU and Cultural Change in Greek-Turkish Relations
  12. ^ Turay, Anna. "Tarihte Ermeniler". Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  13. ^ AZAD-HYE. "Azad-Hye Middle East Armenian Portal (Turkish Armenians hope for new era)". www.azad-hye.net. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2012-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. ^ DHA, Daily Sabah with (2019-01-10). "Assyrians community thrives again in southeastern Turkey". Daily Sabah. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  15. ^ Turchia Oggi: Società Operaia Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso
  16. ^ AA, Daily Sabah with (2023-10-04). "Türkiye's 1st Orthodox church built in post-republic era set to open". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  17. ^ Rôzen, Mînnā (2002). A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566 (illustrated ed.). Leiden: BRILL. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-90-04-12530-8.
  18. ^ Brink-Danan, Marcy (2011). Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance. New Anthropologies of Europe. Indiana University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-253-35690-1.
  19. ^ Staff, Toi (8 September 2018). "Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe". Times of Israel.

Read other articles:

Anatoly Yakovlevich SolovyevLahir16 Januari 1948 (umur 76)Riga, Republik Sosialis Soviet Latvia, Uni SovietStatusPensiunKebangsaanRusiaPekerjaanPilot uji cobaKarier luar angkasaAntariksawanPangkatKolonel, Angkatan Udara RusiaTotal EVA16Total waktu EVA82 jam, 21 menitMisiSoyuz TM-5/Mir EP-2/Soyuz TM-4, Soyuz TM-9/Mir EO-6, Soyuz TM-15/Mir EO-12, STS-71/Mir EO-19/Soyuz TM-21, Soyuz TM-26/Mir EO-24Lambang misi Anatoly Yakovlevich Solovyev (Rusia: Анатолий Яковлевич Сол�...

 

  هذه المقالة عن تنظيم الإخوان المسلمين. لحركة الإخوان في السعودية، طالع إخوان من أطاع الله. لعناوين اخرى، طالع الإخوان (توضيح). الإخوان المسلمونالشعارالعلمالتأسيسالنوع منظمة دينية — منظمة دولية — حزب سياسي — حركة إسلامية المقر الرئيسي غير مركزي التأسيس 22 مارس 1928 ال...

 

Segelas tawny port Port wine (juga dikenal sebagai vinho do Porto, pengucapan bahasa Portugis: [ˌviɲu duˈpoɾtu], atau disingkat port) adalah sebuah anggur terfortifikasi Portugis yang diproduksi di Lembah Douro, utara Portugal.[1] Minuman tersebut biasanya adalah anggur merah manis, seringkali disajikan sebagai anggur hidangan penutup, meskipun terkadang juga ada dalam varietas kering, semi-kering dan putih. Anggur terfortifikasi gaya port lainnya diproduksi di luar Portugal,...

Rizki Yanu KresnayandiInformasi pribadiKebangsaan IndonesiaLahir25 Januari 1989 (umur 35)Magelang, IndonesiaPeganganKananGanda PutraPeringkat tertinggi115 (5 Juli 2011)Peringkat saat ini154 Albert Saputra (4 Oktober 2011) Albert Saputra (lahir 25 Januari 1989) adalah salah satu pemain bulu tangkis Ganda Putra Indonesia. Prestasi 2007 Perempat final Waikato International 2007 (bersama Komala Dewi) 2008 Runner - up Laos Future Series 2008 (bersama Albert Saputra) Perrmpat fi...

 

المرأة المعجزة (بالإنجليزية: Wonder Woman)‏  معلومات شخصية مكان الميلاد ثيمسكيرا  مواطنة ثيمسكيرا  لون الشعر شعر أسود  عضوة في رابطة العدل  العشير باتمانسوبرمان  الأم هيبوليتا (شخصية خيالية)  الحياة العملية تأليف وليام مولتون مارستون،  وإتش جي. بيتر،  وإل�...

 

Indian actor, sports car racer (born 1971) Ajith (actor) redirects here. For other uses, see Ajit (disambiguation) and Ajit Kumar (disambiguation). Ajith KumarAjith in 2010 at Irungattukottai Race TrackBornAjith Kumar Subramaniam (1971-05-01) 1 May 1971 (age 52)OccupationsActorrace car driverYears active1990–presentSpouse Shalini ​(m. 2000)​Children2 Ajith Kumar (born 1 May 1971) is an Indian actor who works predominantly in Tamil cinema. To date, he h...

For the New Zealand DJ and radio presenter, see Zane Lowe. Australian radio and television presenter Zan RoweRowe in 2022BornSusanna RoweMelbourne, Victoria, AustraliaOther namesZanOccupation(s)Radio and television presenterEmployerAustralian Broadcasting Corporation Susanna Zan Rowe is an Australian radio and television presenter. As of 2022[update] she works for ABC digital radio station Double J. Early life Susanna Rowe (later nicknamed Zan)[1] grew up in Melbourne. ...

 

Final Piala Raja Spanyol 1995TurnamenPiala Raja Spanyol 1994–1995 Deportivo La Coruña Valencia 2 1 Tanggal24 Juni 1995Lanjutan: 27 Juni 1995StadionStadion Santiago Bernabéu, MadridWasitJosé María García-ArandaPenonton95.000Lanjutan: 81.000← 1994 1996 → Final Piala Raja Spanyol 1995 adalah pertandingan final ke-91 dari turnamen sepak bola Piala Raja Spanyol untuk menentukan juara musim 1994–1995. Pertandingan ini diikuti oleh Deportivo La Coruña dan Valencia dan diselengg...

 

Kartvelian language of Turkey and Georgia LazLazuri, ლაზურიNative toTurkeyGeorgiaEthnicityLazNative speakers22,000 (2007)[1]Language familyKartvelian languages Karto-ZanZanLazWriting system In Turkey: Latin script In Georgia: Georgian script Language codesISO 639-3lzzGlottologlazz1240ELPLazKartvelian LanguagesLaz is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper ...

American politician Cindy Harrison is an American politician currently serving as a Connecticut State Representative representing the 69th district. Which includes the towns of Bridgewater, Roxbury, Washington and part of Southbury. A member of the Republican Party, Harrison was first elected to the seat in 2020.[1] Harrison currently serves as a member of the House Appropriations Committee, Transportation Committee, and Environment Committee.[2] Personal life Harrison was bor...

 

Kunsthistorisches MuseumDidirikan1871-1891LokasiWina, AustriaWisatawan559.150 (2010)[1]Situs webhttp://www.khm.at Kunsthistorisches Museum (bahasa Indonesia: Museum Sejarah Seni) adalah sebuah museum seni yang terletak di kota Wina, Austria. Museum ini terletak di sebuah istana di Ringstraße dan merupakan museum seni terbesar di Austria. Museum ini dibuka ada tahun 1891 oleh Kaisar Franz Joseph I dari Austria-Hungaria bersamaan dengan Museum Sejarah Alam. Kedua museum ini memiliki ke...

 

  「俄亥俄」重定向至此。关于其他用法,请见「俄亥俄 (消歧义)」。 俄亥俄州 美國联邦州State of Ohio 州旗州徽綽號:七葉果之州地图中高亮部分为俄亥俄州坐标:38°27'N-41°58'N, 80°32'W-84°49'W国家 美國加入聯邦1803年3月1日,在1953年8月7日追溯頒定(第17个加入联邦)首府哥倫布(及最大城市)政府 • 州长(英语:List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]) •&...

Highway in the Netherlands You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable ...

 

Kuba Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri: Politik dan KetatanegaraanKuba Lembaga Konstitusi Majelis Nasional Kekuasaan Rakyat Dewan Negara Dewan Menteri Mahkamah Agung Provinsi Munisipalitas Komite Pertahanan Revolusi Rakyat dan organisasi Presiden Raúl Castro Wakil Presiden José Machado Ventura (I) Juan Almeida Bosque Julio Casas Regueiro Esteban Lazo Hernandez Carlos Lage Dávila Abelardo Colomé Perdana Menteri Partai politik Partai Komunis Kuba Oposisi Proyek Varela Demokrasi dan Hak A...

 

Ini adalah nama Tionghoa; marganya adalah Pan. Will PanPan di Singapura pada Agustus 2009Lahir6 Agustus 1980 (umur 43)Virginia Barat, Amerika SerikatKebangsaanAmerika SerikatTaiwanPekerjaanRapper, pemeran, wirausahawanTahun aktif2001–sekarangAgenAlpha Sonic (2012–sekarang)Juicy Music (2005–2011)Carrier Creative Mate (2001–2005)PenghargaanGolden Bell Awards ke-46 – Aktor Terbaik2011 Endless Love Will Pan Hanzi tradisional: 潘瑋柏 Hanzi sederhana: 潘玮柏 Alih aksara Ma...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 2001 Moscow Victory Day Parade – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov inspecting the troops participating in the victory parade. The 2001 Moscow Victory Parade was a c...

 

Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri:Permainan video Pelantar Dingdong Konsol permainan Konsol video rumah Permainan elektronik Konsol genggam Permainan ponsel Permainan daring Permainan PC Linux Mac Genre Laga Berhantam Bertarung Arung pelantar Bertahan hidup Siluman Bertahan hidup horor Petualangan Bermain peran Bermain peran laga Bermain peran taktik Simulasi Konstruksi dan manajemen Simulasi kehidupan Olahraga Kendaraan Strategi Bertarung daring banyak pemain Strategi waktu nyata Taktik wa...

 

American college basketball season 2014–15 Northern Kentucky Norse men's basketballConferenceAtlantic Sun ConferenceRecord13–17 (7–7 A-Sun)Head coachDave Bezold (11th season)Assistant coaches Kevin Schappell Danté Jackson Ethan Faulkner Donnie McFarland Home arenaThe Bank of Kentucky CenterSeasons← 2013–142015–16 → 2014–15 Atlantic Sun men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT North Florida † 12 ...

The 1991 Trans-Tasman Test series was an international rugby league test series played in Australia between Australia and New Zealand. The series, which started on 3 July in Melbourne and finished on 31 July in Brisbane, consisted of three test matches, with the third test doubling as a 1989–1992 Rugby League World Cup tournament match. New Zealand did not play in any other matches while on tour. The test series was broadcast throughout Australia by the Seven Network with commentary provide...

 

Theory of the state In philosophy, political science and sociology, elite theory is a theory of the state that seeks to describe and explain power relationships in society. The theory posits that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policymaking networks, holds the most power—and that this power is independent of democratic elections.[1] Through positions in corporations and influence over policymaking networks, through the financial support of foundatio...