The use of a sterilized molecular sieve material, such as zeolite, in a binding material to treat wounds was patented by Frank Hursey in 1989.[2] Hursey's business partner Bart Gullong brought the invention to the U.S. Navy and Marines in early 2002 as part of an Office of Naval Research study comparing different antihemorrhagic technologies.[3] QuikClot received the best score in the study.[4] Another study found that when used to treat lethal groin injuries in swine, the treated animals had a 100% survival rate.[5]
QuikClot was chosen as the U.S. Department of Defense's "hemostatic dressing of choice" by the CoTCCC (Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care) in 2008.[6] In 2014, it was listed as the ideal hemostatic dressing to be used for external hemorrhage not amenable to tourniquet use or as an adjunct to tourniquet removal if evacuation time is anticipated to be longer than 2 hours.[7] In the TCCC Guidelines published in 2021, QuikClot remained the choice hemostatic dressing for such an injury.[8]
The challenges faced by Gullong and Hursey in getting QuikClot accepted by the military, especially the Army, were chronicled by Charles Barber in his book In the Blood: How Two Outsiders Solved a Centuries-Old Medical Mystery and Took on the U.S. Army.
Mechanism
Zeolite
QuikClot was originally available as a zeolite granulate to be poured directly on a wound to stem bleeding.[9] The zeolite had an exothermic (heat-releasing) reaction with blood during the clotting process, which could cause second-degree burns.[10] Because of this, the product was not available for retail and was only used in emergency scenarios, such as in combat.
Kaolin
By 2008, QuikClot devices were made of gauze impregnated with kaolin instead of using zeolite. The kaolin device performed equivalently to previously developed hemostatic bandages.[11] Kaolin doesn't trigger skin allergies due to its inert (nonreactive) characteristics.[12]
The kaolin in QuikClot absorbs the water molecules in blood, leaving behind the relatively bigger platelets and clotting factor molecules. The higher concentration of these remaining cells and molecules cause them to naturally clot faster.[13] Kaolin activates factor XII, a protein factor which assists in the initiation of the coagulation cascade, a protein chain reaction which promotes blood clotting as a result of trauma.
^US patent 4822349, Francis X. Hursey & Fernand J. Dechene, "Method of treating wounds", published 18 April 1989, issued 18 April 1989
^Barber, Charles (2023). In the Blood: How Two Outsiders Solved a Centuries-Old Medical Mystery and Took on the U.S. Army. Grand Central Publishing. p. 41. ISBN9781538709863.
^Ronald E. Peterson (8 April 2009). K090620 510(k) Summary(PDF) (Report). FDA. p. 1. Retrieved 26 April 2023. The hemostatic pad is a hemostatic dressing made of soft, white, kaolin impregnated gauze, configured in a 1½" long by 1½" wide by ½" thick multi-layer pad.
