Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky[a] (Russian: Пётр Александрович Румянцев-Задунайский;[b] 15 January [O.S. 4 January] 1725 – 19 December [O.S. 8 December] 1796) was one of the foremost Russiangenerals of the 18th century, and is widely considered to be one of Russia's greatest military leaders,[4][5] and one of the greatest military commanders in military history.[6][7] He is noted as one of the three best and most talented Russian military leaders of the time period, along with Alexander Suvorov and Grigory Potemkin.[8] Rumyantsev used mobile divisionalsquares for the first time in history as opposed to linear battle orders and initiated the formation of light (jaeger) battalions in the Russian Army, which operated in a scattered order.[9]
Pyotr Alexandrovich first saw military service under his nominal father in the war with Sweden (1741–1743). He personally carried to the Empress the peace treaty of Åbo, concluded by his father in 1743. Thereupon he gained promotion to the rank of colonel.
His first military glory dates from the great battles of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), those of Gross-Jägersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). In 1761 he besieged and took the Pomeranian fortress of Kolberg,[12][13] which had twice been unsuccessfully beleaguered by other Russia's commanders; thus clearing for Russian armies the path to Berlin. The siege of Kolberg of 1761 was an important milestone in the development of Russian military art. Here Rumyantsev pioneered a new tactic — the action of troops in battalion (regimental) columns, combined with a scattered formation of jaegers.[14]
Throughout the reign of Catherine the Great, Rumyantsev served as supreme governor of Little Russia. In this post, which his father had held with so much honesty, Rumyantsev made it his priority to eliminate any autonomy of the hetmans and to fully incorporate the newly conquered territories into the Russian Empire. Some accuse him of having promoted serfdom in New Russia, but the choice of such a policy remained out of his control.
With the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war in 1768, Rumyantsev took command of the army sent to capture Azov. He thoroughly defeated the Turks in the battles of Stănilești, Larga, and Kagul, crossed the Danube and advanced to Romania. For these dazzling victories he became Field-Marshal and gained the victory titleZadunaisky (meaning "Trans-Danubian"). When his forces approached Shumla in 1774, the new Sultan Abdul Hamid I started to panic and sued for peace, which Rumyanstev signed upon a military tambourine at the village of Küçük Kaynarca.
By that point, Rumyantsev had undoubtedly become the most famous Russian commander. Other Catharinian generals, notably Potemkin, allegedly regarded his fame with such jealousy that they wouldn't permit him to take the command again. In times of peace, Rumyantsev expressed his innovative views on the martial art in the Instructions (1761), Customs of Military Service (1770), and the Thoughts (1777). These works provided a theoretical base for the re-organisation of the Russian army undertaken by Potemkin.
During the Second Russo-Turkish War, Rumyantsev suspected Potemkin of deliberately curtailing supplies of his army and presently resigned his command. In the Polish campaign of 1794 he once again won appointment as commander-in-chief, but his rival Suvorov actually led the armies into battle. On this occasion Rumyantsev didn't bother even to leave his Ukrainian manor at Tashan which he had rebuilt into a fortress. He died there on 19 December 1796, just over a month after Catherine's death, and was interred in the KievPechersk Lavra.
As the story goes, old Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky grew enormously fat and avaricious, so that he pretended not to recognize his own sons when they came from the capital to ask for money. Under his son Sergey's administration, Tashan fell into ruins, although he erected a mausoleum near Balashikha for his father's reburial (which never took place). Neither Sergey nor his brother Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev married, and the comital branch of the Rumyantsev family became extinct upon their death.
^The portrait shows Rumyantsev in a fieldmarshal's uniform with gold embroidery on the collar, sides, and sleeves. Ribbons of the Orders of St. Andrew and St. George 1st Class are worn over the caftan. On the chest of the Field Marshal are embroidered stars of these awards.
^A number of researchers called the famous architect of the project Vasily Bazhenov, others attribute the construction to M. F. Kazakov. There is no consensus on the issue; it is possible that both the architects were involved in the project.
^Волковский, Н. Л., ed. (2003). История русской армии: В 7 т. [History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.] (in Russian). Vol. 1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. ООО «Издательство Полигон». pp. 326, 348. ISBN5-89173-205-X.
^Волковский, Н. Л., ed. (2003). История русской армии: В 7 т. [History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.] (in Russian). Vol. 1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. ООО «Издательство Полигон». pp. 298, 493. ISBN5-89173-205-X.
Korobkov, Nikolay Mikhailovich (1947). Фельдмаршал Румянцев [Field Marshal Rumyantsev] (in Russian). Moscow: Политгиз.
Meerovich, Grigory Ilyich (1987). Румянцев в Петербурге [Rumyantsev in Petersburg] (in Russian). Leningrad: Лениздат.
Andrunakievich, Vladimir Aleksandrovich; Vartichan, Iosif Konstantinovich (1982). Советская Молдавия: краткая энциклопедия [Soviet Moldavia: short encyclopedia] (in Russian). Kishinev: Глав. ред. Молдавской Сов. энциклопедии.
![Portrait of Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.[c] Unknown artist of the late 18th century.](File:Rumjanzew-sadunaiski.jpg)
![Rumyantsev Zadunaysky Mansion, built in 1782.[d]](File:Rumyantsev_Zadunaysky_Mansion.jpg)
