Public trial or open trial is a trial that is open to the public, as opposed to a secret trial. It should not be confused with a show trial.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution establishes the right of the accused to a public trial.
The right to a public trial is strictly enforced, but is not absolute. Trials may in exceptional cases be regulated. Closures are decided case-by-case by the judge evaluating a claimed danger to a substantial or legitimate public interest. But whatever the interest at stake, the likelihood of danger to that interest must meet a "'substantial probability' test".[1] Examples of cases presenting closure issues include organized crime cases (overall security concerns), rape cases (decency concerns), juvenile cases,[2] and through the Silent witness rule and/or Classified Information Procedures Act, cases involving sensitive or "classified" information.[3]
Trials may be closed at the behest of the government only if it can show "an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest".[4] The accused may also request a closure of the trial; in such a case, it must be demonstrated that "first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant's fair trial rights".
But before a judge can close a courtroom, the judge must consider all potential alternatives to closure. This is a very strict standard; the Supreme Court has held that "trial courts are required to consider alternatives to closure even when they are not offered by the parties," or by anyone else.[5] In other words, a judge who does not want to be reversed on appeal must be confident that there cannot possibly be any alternative to closure that might later be conjured up by some appellate lawyer.
Pursuant to the open court principle and related legislation, legal proceedings are generally open to the public and the media.
Section 135(1) of the Courts of Justice Act (Ontario) states the general principle that "all court hearings shall be open to the public". In Quebec, however, under the Quebec Act 1774, the French legal system (including non-public trials) was allowed to remain intact, including the lack of a requirement that trials be public.
In Soviet Union the terms "open trial" (открытый процесс) and "public trial" (публичный процесс) differed. The term "open trial" implied the possibility for public to be present at the hearings. The term "public trial" implied the purposeful presentation of the process to wide public. Public trials were usually widely discussed in media and hearings were often arranged in larger auditoria. While the Soviet public trials are commonly associated with Stalin era show trials, such as Moscow Trials, nevertheless in Russian culture the term "public trial" did not acquire negative connotations, despite the apparent attributes of a show, primarily because the publicity of any information in pre-glasnost era was severely limited by the Soviet state. The term "show trial" corresponds to Russian "показной процесс" (pokaznoy process).
Swiss footballer (born 1990) Alain Wiss Wiss playing for FC Luzern against BSC Young Boys in 2014Personal informationDate of birth (1990-08-21) 21 August 1990 (age 33)Place of birth Littau, SwitzerlandHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team ChamNumber 6Youth career2002–2006 LuzernSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007–2013 Luzern II 6 (0)2007–2015 Luzern 200 (10)2015–2019 St. Gallen 80 (3)2019 St. Gallen II 3 (0)2020–2021 SCR Al…
Hervormde kerk Hervormde kerk te Siegerswoude. Plaats Siegerswoude Denominatie Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk (PKN-gemeente) Gewijd aan Jakobus de Meerdere Coördinaten 53° 9′ NB, 6° 15′ OL Gebouwd in 1949 Begraafplaats Paar honderd meter ten zuiden van de kerk Architectuur Architect(en) Jo Vegter Stijlperiode Wederopbouwarchitectuur Interieur Orgel Heyligers orgel en Johannus orgel Afbeeldingen De oude middeleeuwse kerk in 1908. Portaal Christendom De hervormde …
МуниципалитетАльбалате-де-СоритаAlbalate de Zorita Герб 40°18′32″ с. ш. 2°50′31″ з. д.HGЯO Страна Испания Автономное сообщество Кастилия-Ла-Манча Провинция Гвадалахара Район Ла-Алькаррия Глава М. К. Пастрано Адриано[d] История и география Площадь 53 км² Высота 759 м Часо…
Album by Lionel Richie Just GoStudio album by Lionel RichieReleasedMarch 13, 2009GenreR&B[1]Length59:17LabelIslandProducer Akon JB & Corron John Ewbank Nando Eweg David Foster Clayton Haraba Martin K. Sean K. Stargate Tricky Stewart Lionel Richie chronology Sounds of the Season(2006) Just Go(2009) Tuskegee(2012) Singles from Just Go Face in the CrowdReleased: July 18, 2008 (NL) Good MorningReleased: December 15, 2008 Just GoReleased: March 12, 2009 (UK) I'm in LoveReleased: M…
För andra fartyg kallade Phoenix eller Fenix, se Fenix (olika betydelser). Sjöångsprutan Phoenix på Riddarfjärden. Phoenix var ett ångdrivet släckningsfartyg som gjorde tjänst inom Stockholms brandförsvar mellan åren 1890 och slutet av 1950-talet. År 1960 såldes hon till Firma John Bergman & Son i Motala, som byggde om henne till passagerarmotorfartyget M/S Kind för trafik på Kinda kanal. Historik Phoenix på slipen på Mälarvarvet, 1951. M/S Kind vid Stångåmagasin…
1993 video gameSuper Street Fighter II: The New ChallengersDeveloper(s)CapcomPublisher(s)CapcomDesigner(s)Noritaka FunamizuHaruo MurataComposer(s)Isao AbeSyun NishigakiSeriesStreet FighterPlatform(s)ArcadeComputers: Amiga, Fujitsu FM Towns, MS-DOS, Sharp X68000Consoles: PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, Super NESReleaseArcadeJP: September 10, 1993NA: September 11, 1993AS: October 5, 1993EU: November 19, 1993Super NES, Sega Mega Drive/GenesisJP: June 25, 1994[1]NA: July 1…
Cascada Natalie Horler, 2011.Datos generalesOrigen Bonn, Renania del Norte-Westfalia, AlemaniaInformación artísticaGénero(s) Pop EDM synth pop eurodance dance pop trance house progressive tranceInstrumento(s) Sintetizador, vozPeríodo de actividad 2002–presenteDiscográfica(s) Universal Music Zooland Records Zeitgeist Robbins Entertainment AATW Spinnin' RecordsArtistas relacionados Liz Kay, R.I.O., Akira, Diamond, Siria, 2 Vibez, Tune Up!WebSitio web www.cascada-music.deWeb en dis…
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem AFF. Liên đoàn bóng đá ASEANASEAN Football FederationBiểu trưng của AFFThành lập31 tháng 1 năm 1984[1]LoạiTổ chức bóng đáTrụ sở chínhPetaling Jaya, Selangor, MalaysiaThành viên 12Chủ tịch Khiev SamethTrang webhttp://www.aseanfootball.org Liên đoàn bóng đá ASEAN (tiếng Anh: ASEAN Football Federation; viết tắt: AFF) hay Liên đoàn bóng đá Đông Nam Á là tổ chức quản lý bóng đá ở …
1925 All-Pro Team All-Pro 1925 NFL season Selectors Green Bay Press-Gazette (poll)Collyer's Eye (E.G. Brands)Joseph Carr (NFL Commissioner)Ohio State Journal 1923 1924 ← → 1926 1927 The 1925 All-Pro Team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors as the best players at their positions for the All-Pro team of the National Football League (NFL) for the 1925 NFL season.[1] Selectors and key For the 1925 season, there are four known selectors of All-Pro Teams. They…
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Un grand chien employé à la chasse au lion figuré sur une mosaïque romaine. La domestication du chien est intervenue au début du Paléolithique supérieur[1],[2],[3]. Le chien est la première espèce domestiquée par l'homme et la seule domestiquée au cours du Paléolithique[4],[3],[5]. Ce cas particulier parmi les espèces domestiques lui permet d'occuper une place à part auprès de l'Homme. L'ancêtre du chien Canis lupus L'identité exacte de l'ancêtre du chien a longtemps été un m…
Hachimantai 八幡平市Kota BenderaLambangLocation of Hachimantai in Iwate PrefectureNegara JepangWilayahTōhokuPrefekturIwatePemerintahan • WalikotaMasahiko TamuraLuas • Total862,30 km2 (33,290 sq mi)Populasi (Oktober 1, 2019) • Total24.412 • Kepadatan28,3/km2 (730/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)Simbol kota • PohonPinus densiflora• BungaGentiana scabra• BurungSyrmaticus soemmerringiiNomor …
Pakistani music channel Television channel OxygeneBroadcast areaPakistanHeadquartersIslamabad, PakistanProgrammingLanguage(s)UrduOwnershipOwnerSan Media / Aap Media NetworkSister channelsIndus NewsHistoryLaunched24 January 2009 (2009-01-24)[1]ReplacedJuly 2020ClosedJuly 2021; 2 years ago (2021-07)LinksWebsiteoxygene.com.pk Oxygene was a Pakistani musical, lifestyle and entertainment tv channel owned by Classic Entertainment Ltd[2][3] …
Salix okamotoana Біологічна класифікація Царство: Рослини (Plantae) Клада: Судинні рослини (Tracheophyta) Клада: Покритонасінні (Angiosperms) Клада: Евдикоти (Eudicots) Клада: Розиди (Rosids) Порядок: Мальпігієцвіті (Malpighiales) Родина: Вербові (Salicaceae) Рід: Верба (Salix) Вид: S. okamotoana Біноміальна назва Salix okamotoanaKoid…
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Jewish shopkeeper in New York City, circa 1929 Part of a series onRace and ethnicity in New York City EthnicitiesAfrican AmericansAfricansAlbaniansArabsAsian IndiansBangladeshisBelarusiansBraziliansCaribbeansCentral AmericansCentral AsiansChinese (Fuzhounese • Taiwanese)ColombiansCubansDominicansDutchEcuadoriansFilipinosGermansGreeksHispanics and LatinosIrishItaliansJamaicansJapaneseJews (Black Jews)KoreansMexicansNative AmericansPakistanisPuerto RicansRomaRomaniansRussiansSalvadoransScandinav…
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