Proto-Northwest Caucasian language

Proto-Northwest Caucasian
PNWC
Reconstruction ofNorthwest Caucasian languages
Lower-order reconstructions

Proto-Northwest Caucasian (sometimes abbreviated PNWC), also Proto-Adyghe-Abazgi or Proto-Adyghe-Abkhaz, is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Northwest Caucasian languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-NWC Proto-Abazgi Ubykh Proto-Circassian
*p
*pː b b pː
*b
*pʼ
*f xʷ
*w
*m
*pʲ p tʷ t
*pʲː b (tʷ~dʷ) tː
*bʲ b dʷ d
*pʼʲ pʼ tʷʼ tʼ
*pʷ p f p
*bʷ f f b
*pʷʲ tsʲ tʷ –
*bʷʲ dzʲ dʷ d
*pʷʲʼ tsʲʼ tʷʼ tʼ
*pˤ p vˤ p
*pˤː – bˤ pː
*bˤ b bˤ b
*pˤʼ – pˤʼ pʼ
*mˤ m mˤ m
*t
*tː t tː
*d
*tʼ
*r r d-,r~ʁ tː-,r
*n
*rʲ r ɮ dz
*tʷ tʷ t
*tʷː d(ʷ) tʷ tː
*dʷ d
*tʷʼ tʼ
*tʷʲ tʷ – ts
*tʷʲʼ tʷʼ tʷʼ tsʼ
*ts s-c
*tsː ts tsː
*dz dz dz~z
*tsʼ
*s
*z z dz~z z
*tsʲ (s)
*tsʲː dzʲ(?) ts tsː
*dzʲ dz~z
*tsʲʼ tsʼ
*sʲ s
*zʲ z dzʲ~zʲ z
*tsʷ sʷ-
*tsʷː tsʷ tsʷ tsʷː
*dzʷ – dzʷ
*tsʷʼ
*sʷ
*zʷ dzʷ~zʷ zʷ
*tsʷʲ (tʃ) – tsʲ
*dzʷʲ dʒ~ʒ dʒʲ dzʲ
*tsʷʲʼ tʃʼ tʃʲʼ tsʲʼ
*sʷʲ sʲ tʃʷ sʲ
*zʷʲ dzʲ~zʲ ʒʷ zʲ
*tʃ tsʲ ts s
*dʒ dzʲ dz dz~z
*tʃʼ tsʲʼ tsʼ tsʲʼ(?)
*ʃ(~ʃː) sʲ s s
*ʒ zʲ z z
*tɕ
*tɕː dzʲ(~tɕ) tɕ tɕː
*dʑ dʑ~ʑ
*tɕʼ
*ɕ ʃ(?) ɕ ʃ
*ɕː ʃ ɕ ʃː
*ʑ ʒ ʑ ʒ
*j
*tʃʷ tʃ tʃ tɕ
*tʃʷː zʷ tʃ tɕː
*dʒʷ dzʷ~zʷ dʒ dʑ~ʑ
*tʃʷʼ tʃʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ
*ʃʷ sʷ ʃ ʃ
*ʃʷː ʃ ʃ ʃː
*ʒʷ zʲ(?) ʒ ʒ
*tɕʷ tʃ tɕ tʃ
*tɕʷː dʒ~ʒ tɕ tʃː
*tɕʷʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ tʃʼ
*ɕʷ ʃʷ ʃʷ sʲ
*ɕʷː ʃ sʷ ʃː
*ʑʷ ʒʷ ʒʷ zʲ
*tɬ x ɕ tɕ
*tɬː ts (sʲ) tɕː
*dɮ l ɮ tħ
*tɬʼ x/tsʼ tsʲʼ tɕʼ
*ɬ – sʲ ɕ
*ɬː x sʲ ɕː
*l l d-,Ø~j tħ-,ɮ
*tɬʲ xʲ ɕ tɕ
*dɮʲ ɣʲ ʁ(~zʲ) ɣ
*tɬʲʼ ɕ tɬʼ tɬʼ
*ɬʲ (~ɬʲʼː) ɕ ɬ ɬ
*ɮʲ ʑ ɮ ɮ
*lʲ r-,l~ɣʲ ɮ d-
*tɬʷ tsʷ tsʷ tʃ
*tɬʷː tsʷ tsʷ tʃː
*dɮʷ l w ħ
*tɬʷʼ tsʼ(ʷ) tsʼ(ʷ) tʃʼ
*ɬʷ ʃ sʷ x(ʷ)
*ɬʷː ʃ s(ʷ) ɕː
*tɬʷʲ tʃʷ f x
*tɬʷʲː ʒʷ dʑ tɕː
*dɮʷʲ dʒʷ dʒ ɮ
*tɬʷʲʼ tʃʷʼ tsʼ tɕʼ
*ɬʷʲ (~ɬʷː) ʃ ʃʷ x(ʷ)
*ɮʷʲ ʒ ʒʷ ɣʲ
*k k kʲ kʲ
*ɡ ɡ ɡʲ ɡʲ
*kʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʲʼ
*x x ɕ x
*ɣ ɣ ɣ~ʁ ɣ
*kʲ kʲ – kʲ
*ɡʲ ɡʲ – ɡʲ
*xʲ xʲ sʲ ɕ
*ɣʲ ɣʲ zʲ ʑ
*kʷ
*kʷː ɡʷ ɡʷ kʷː
*ɡʷ
*kʷʼ
*xʷ xʷ x x(ʷ)
*ɡʲʷ ɡʷ ɡʲ 1 ɡʷ
*kʷʲʼ kʷʼ kʲʼ kʷʲʼ
*xʷʲ sʷ xʲ xʷ
*ɣʷʲ(?) zʷ ʁʲ ʁʷ
*q (ħ) q q-
*qː q q qː
*ɢ ɣ ʁ ʁ
*qʼ qʼ qʼ qː
*χ ħ χ χ
*ʁ ʕ ʁ ʁ
*qʲː q qʲ –
*ɢʲ ɣʲ ʁʲ –
*qʲʼ qʲʼ qʲʼ ʔ
*χʲ ħ xʲ χʲ
*ʁʲ ʕ ʁʲ ʁ
*qʷ ħʷ qʷ qʷ-,qʷː
*qʷː qʷ qʷ qʷː
*ɢʷ ɣʷ ʁʷ ʁʷ
*qʷʼ qʷʼ qʷʼ qʷː
*χʷ ħʷ χʷ χʷ
*ʁʷ ʕʷ ʁʷ ʁʷ
*qʷʲ ħ(ʷ) xʲ qʷ-
*qʷʲː – qʲ qʷː
*ɢʷʲ ɣ(ʷ) ʁʲ ʁʷ
*qʷʲʼ ʕʷ(qʷʼ?) qʲʼ ʔʷ
*χʷʲ ħ(ʷ) χʲ χʷ
*ʁʷʲ ʕ(ʷ) ʁʲ ʁʷ
*qˤː ʕ – qː
*qˤʼ ħ(?) qˤʼ qː
*χˤ – χˤ χ
*ʁˤ ʕ ʁˤ ʁ
*qˤʲ q q(ˤ) ħ
*qˤʲː ʔ qʼ ʔ
*qˤʲʼ ħ qʼ ʔ
*χˤʲ ħ χ(ˤ) ħ
*ʁˤʲ ʕ ʁ j
*qˤʷ ħʷ χˤʷ qʷ-
*qˤʷː ʕʷ qˤ(ʷ) qʷː
*qˤʷʼ qʷʼ(qʷ) qˤʷʼ qʷː
*χˤʷ ħʷ χˤʷ χʷ
*ʁˤʷ (ħʷ?) ʁˤʷ ʁʷ
*qˤʷʲ qʷ χʷ ħ
*qˤʷʲː ʕʷ qʷʼ ʔʷ
*qˤʷʲʼ ħʷ qʷʼ ʔʷ
*ʁˤʷʲ ʕʷ w w~ʁʷ
  1. In Circassian and Abkhaz, gʷǝ is heart and in Ubykh it's gʲǝ.

The most noticeable changes are:

Grammar

Numbers

English Proto-NWC Schulze Proto-NWC Colarusso Proto-Abazgi Abkhaz Abaza Ubykh Proto-Circassian Adyghe Kabardian
One za – za-kʼə akʼə zakʼə za zə zə zə
Two tʼqʷʼa tʼqʼo ʕʷ-ba ɥ-ba ʕʷ-ba tʼqʷʼa tʷʼə tʷʼə tʷʼə
Three λ:ə (y-)x̂ə/a χ-ba χ-ba/x-ba χ-ba ʂa ɕə ɕə ɕə
Four pʼλʼa – pɕ-ba pɕ-ba pɕ-ba pʼɬʼə t͡ɬə pɬʼə pɬʼə
Five sx̂ʷə (w-/y-)ćx̂ə χʷ-ba χʷ-ba/xʷ-ba χʷ-ba ɕxə txʷə tfə txʷə
Six ɬʷə (w-)x̂cə tʃʷba? f-ba t͡s-ba fə xə xə xə
Seven bδə ɣə́ bəʑ-ba bəʑ-ba bəʑ-ba blə bɮə blə bɮə
Eight – (w-/y-)ɣə/a aʕ-ba aa-ba aʕ-ba ʁʷa jə jə jə
Nine bğʷʲə ɣə́ – ʑʷ-ba ʒʷ-ba bʁʲə bʁʷə bʁʷə bʁʷə
Ten bćʼʷə (p-/w-)źə́/źá – ʑʷa-ba ʒʷa-ba ʑʷə pʃʼə pʃʼə pɕʼə

Words

English Proto-NWC Proto-Abazgi Abkhaz Abaza Ubykh Proto-Circassian Adyghe Kabardian
I – sa/sarˈa sa/sarˈa sa/sarˈa səsan sa sa sa
Heart ɡʲʷə ɡʷə ɡʷə ɡʷə ɡʲə ɡʷə ɡʷə ɡʷə
Sea – – – – ɕʷa xə xə xə
They sell it – – – – aːɕan – jaːɕan jaːɕan
I go – – – – skʲʼan skʷʼan skʷʼan skʷʼan
I say – – – – sqʼan – sʔʷan sʔʷan
Language/tongue bǝźA bzǝ aːbz bzǝ bza bza bza bza
Red – – – – pɬə pɬəʑ pɬəʑ pɬəʑ
Book, Letter – – – – txəɬ txəɬ txəɬ txəɬ
top of the back – – – – txə txə txə txə
Ox c:ʷǝ t͡sʷə á-ć̌ t͡ʃʷə t͡sʷə t͡sʷːə t͡sʷə, t͡ʃʷə və
Blood – – – – ɬa ɬə ɬə ɬə
Month/Moon – – aːmza məzə məʒa maːza maːza maːza
Beard – – – – ʒaːkʼʲa ʒaːkʼʲa ʒaːt͡ʃʼa ʒaːt͡ʃʼa
Dust – – – – saːpa saːpa saːpa saːba
Barefoot – – – – ɬapsʼə ɬapsʼa ɬapt͡sʼa ɬapt͡sʼa
Donkey – – – – t͡ʃədə ʃədə ʃədə ʃədə
Hedgehog – – – – pəzʲə pəʐ pəʐ –
Water – – – – bzə psə psə psə
Fault – – – – laːʑa laːʑa laːʑa laːʑa
House ʁ́Iʷǝna – – ʕʷna – wəna wəna wəna
Mother (a)nǝ (a)nǝ á-n anǝ na aːna nə aːna
Father (a)ṕ:ǝ ab ab aba tʷǝ at:a tǝ aːda
heavy anǝTa xanǝta á-χ́anta χ́anta – want:aʁʷ wantaʁʷ wandaʁʷ
cattle-shed anǝTa bawǝ-ra bora a-bóra, -bówra bow – – bow
guest – – – – pč̣́a ħa-č̣́á ħaṣ́a ħāč̣́a
mountain / hill bǝɣA – bʁa – – bɣǝ bɣǝ bɣǝ
measles / scarlet fever / navel bǝč̣́ǝ bǝč̣́ǝ a-bč̣́ǝ́ bč̣́ǝ bǝč̣́ǝ́ – nǝbǝǯ́ bǝnža
dust / bubble / blister bǝbǝ – á-bǝb – – psǝ-bǝb psǝ-bǝb psǝ-bǝb

See also

Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions

References

  • STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.

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