attached to four or more branches. Two types of polytomies are recognized, soft and hard polytomies. Soft polytomies are the result of insufficient phylogenetic...

hard polytomy of nine clades as the base of Neoaves. An analysis by Houde and colleagues in 2019 recovered Columbea and a reduced hard polytomy of six...

places Piscivoravis in a more derived position than Archaeorhynchus, in a polytomy with Jianchangornis, Patagopteryx, and the clade including all more derived...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

most trees including Pyroraptor, this caused a polytomy as seen in the cladogram below. This polytomy was also repeated in a phylogeny of Archaeopteryx...

however in one analysis the nautiloids, octopus and teuthids plot as a polytomy. Some molecular phylogenies do not recover the mineralized coleoids (Spirula...

relationships after Takezaki et al. 2023 and Kück and Suh 2026, showing polytomy at the base of Notopalaeognathae. It is widely accepted that ostriches...

phylogenies had little stability with many clades tending to collapse into polytomies. In the study he used the traits of Datai to improve the resolution. For...

were recovered as members of the advanced neodiapsid group Sauria, in a polytomy with Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha, with being the earliest diverging...

2024 recovered Jiangxititan as a non-titanosaurian somphospondylan, in a polytomy with several other basal somphospondylans. Removing Jiangxititan as an...

avialans, but as basal members of the clade Paraves remaining in unresolved polytomy with alvarezsaurids and the clade Eumaniraptora (containing avialans and...

Bdelloidea Monogononta Platytrochozoa Summary of relationships of gnathiferans in recent studies, with disputed relationships represented as polytomies...

entomophagous, entomophilous, epitome, monatomic, pentatomic, polyatomic, polytomy, Temnospondyli, tmesis, tome, tomogram, tomography, trichotomous, trichotomy...

Wang et al. (2025). This analysis place Xiangyunloong in an unresolved polytomy with both species of Xingxiulong. A cladogram adapted from their analysis...

other proterochampsids. A phylogenetic analysis places both species in a polytomy with Gualosuchus as the most advanced members of Proterochampsia. Pseudochampsa...

Aranciaga Rolando et al. (2022) recovered Maip as a derived megaraptorid in a polytomy with other Argentinian megaraptorids. They also noted the presence of two...

and colleagues performed a phylogenetic analysis that recovered it in a polytomy with Andrewsarchus and Achaenodon. Erlianhyus is known from a partial maxilla...

this time period. The position of the root is still debated, hence the polytomy. Excavate groups are marked *. The presence of modern eukaryotes in the...

discovered to be one of the earliest lineages of ants, a clade from the basal polytomy for all ants. In 2014, the subfamily was expanded to two tribes. The tribe...

Jurassic. In a phylogenetic analysis, the Chubut stegosaurid was recovered in polytomy with Kentrosaurus as basal stegosaurids, further suggesting that they are...

phylogenetic analysis of pterosaurs. They recovered Inabtanin in an unresolved polytomy at the base of Azhdarchomorpha alongside fellow African pterosaur Microtuban...

majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a soft polytomy. "ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in CamelCase and the original...

(2020), Gianechini et al. (2021) and Agnolín et al. (2022), and within a polytomy with other abelisaurids such as Xenotarsosaurus, Tarascosaurus, Ilokelesia...

lobopodian Palaeocampa anthrax recovered Antennipatus as an onychophoran in a polytomy with the extinct Cretoperipatus, Helenodora, and various living velvet...

all taxa more basal than Avimimus and all heyuannines into unresolved polytomies. These results are displayed in the cladogram below: Dinosaurs portal...

"Malerisaurus-like taxon PEFO") to other malerisaurines are presented as a polytomy—and the results of Sengupta et al. (2024). Relationships in bolded terminal...

yielded from the analysis was only poorly resolved and features multiple polytomies, yet also displays some much clearer separations. Specifically, members...

failed to resolve many of their interrelationships, resulting in large "polytomies" (sets of species where the branching order in the family tree is uncertain)...

Summary of relationships of gnathiferans in recent studies including Chaetognatha within the clade, with disputed relationships represented as polytomies...

results of one of these analyses with maximum resolution and minimum polytomies, are shown below: In 2023, Wang, Lei & Li described Austronaga as a new...

yields less resolved results that place Pachycentrata in an unresolved polytomy with extant pipids and several extinct pipimorphs. Paleontology portal...

majority rule cladogram, both species are placed just outside the family in polytomy with Percopsidae and Mcconichthys, Murray et al treating them as either...

Trilophosaurus and Hyperodapedon, (Archosauromorpha), or in unresolved polytomy with Archosauromorpha and Lepidosauromorpha. The analyses using Dilkes'...

this clade, as well as many other ray genera and orders, in an unresolved polytomy. The maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference trees rendered Apolithabatiformes...

early-diverging member of the Carcharodontosauridae, in an unresolved polytomy with Eocarcharia, Lajasvenator, and Lusovenator. The results of their phylogenetic...

Abelisauroidea, with some variance as to which taxa are placed into basal polytomy. Abelisauroidea is further divided into the Abelisauridae and Noasauridae...

nothropi being sister to Thanatosdrakon while Q. lawsoni claded in a polytomy with the 'Tous pterosaur' and other unnamed specimens that was recovered...

after the discovery of Daliansaurus, who included more taxa and reduced polytomies. Their analysis of Deinonychosauria is shown below: In a 2021 phylogenetic...

Alexander (2016). "The phylogenomic forest of bird trees contains a hard polytomy at the root of Neoaves". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 50–62. doi:10.1111/zsc...

than ischium. Titanosauridae was less strongly defined because of the polytomy between Malawisaurus and Epachthosaurus, so some diagnostic features couldn't...

phylogenetic analysis, Delcourt and Iori (2020) recovered Thanos in a large polytomy with other brachyrostrans within the Abelisauridae. Their resulting cladogram...

confirmed these findings. Crocus forms a monophyletic clade, with a basal polytomy of four subclades. The first clade (A) corresponding to section Crocus...

2021 study found the genus to be a lepidosaur of uncertain position, in a polytomy with Squamata and Rhynchocephalia. In 2022, the extinct genus Cryptovaranoides...

Pseudotherium might be more basal than the cladogram suggests, possibly forming a polytomy with tritheledontids, tritylodontids and brasilodontids instead. A 2023...

superspecies): nuclear and mitochondrial genetic characters suggest a hard polytomy, in line with the paleogeography of the centre of origin. Contributions...

The researchers' cladistic diagram suggests that E. primordialis forms a polytomy with arthrodires, ptyctodonts, and all advanced gnathostomes (namely bony...

lawsoni; when tested in a phylogenetic analysis, they found it to form a polytomy with Q. lawsoni, Q. northropi, and a Moroccan specimen. Therefore, they...

the kouprey represents a distinct species unrelated to zebu, forming a polytomy with the banteng and gaur due to incomplete lineage sorting, suggesting...

comprehensive phylogenetic studies of Araneoidea prior to their article. Polytomies in the cladogram represent either conflicting results from the different...

Alexander (2016). "The phylogenomic forest of bird trees contains a hard polytomy at the root of Neoaves". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 50–62. doi:10.1111/zsc...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

Bullacephalus, Mobaceras, Burnetia, and Niuksenitia all of which are in a polytomy and are part of the clade Burnetiinae which diverged from Proburnetiinae...

being placed either alongside the derived Australasian forms or in a basal polytomy with Niolamia. The two phylogenetic trees below, after Gaffney, Archer...

of Scotland, has been placed closer to dinosaurs than Marasuchus, in a polytomy with Silesauridae and Dinosauria, as a sister taxon to Marasuchus, or within...

also recovered the members of the subfamily Trirachodontinae as a basal polytomy within the clade Neogomphodontia: Hendrickx, C.; Gaetano, L. C.; Choiniere...

and nodes with less than 70% bootstrap support are collapsed, forming polytomies. The root, being Vampyroteuthis infernalis, is not shown: Bouchet, Philippe...

aetosaurs, rauisuchians, and crocodylomorphs. Some studies have found polytomies between phytosaurs and other groups, like Ornithosuchidae and Suchia....

and the overall nature of Pelmatozoa remains unresolved. The four-way polytomy including the Eleutherozoa and Crinoidea shows either Camptostroma or Gogia...

paracryptodires when using implied weighting, but the group was placed in a polytomy with Paracryptodira and several other turtle genera when equal weighting...

polytomy with Niobrarasaurus and a juvenile nodosaurid from the Paw Paw Formation, while Zheng et al. (2018) positioned Ahshislepelta in a polytomy containing...

crown group, but most analyses cannot resolve further than a three-branch polytomy. One analysis, a Bayesian run combining both morphological and molecular...

outside the family, and many taxa within the Metriacanthosauridae were in polytomy. However, the positions of Xuanhanosaurus and Poekilopleuron were very...

2018, Bernardo González Riga and colleagues found Patagotitan to form a polytomy with Puertasaurus and Notocolossus, with Argentinosaurus being closest...

well supported clade. Seven species endemic to the Canary Islands form a polytomy, resolved differently in different analyses, in which subtaxa of some species...

within the proterochampsian clade Proterochampsidae. It further placed in a polytomy with Proterochampsa spp. in a clade also including Sphodrosaurus. This...

most closely related to Achaenodon and Erlianhyus, with which it formed a polytomy. A cladogram based on their phylogeny is reproduced below: When first describing...

Aetosaurus, there is a polytomy of three smaller clades in which it is unknown which clade diverged first from the group. Within this polytomy there was Neoaetosauroides...

however, glosses over the astonishing and fundamental pattern of basal polytomy and phylogenetic telescoping at or near the Cambrian boundary, as seen...

phylogenetic analysis performed by Arbour and Currie (2015) recovered it within a polytomy with Sauroplites and Taohelong at the base of Nodosauridae. A similar result...

1038/nature15697 Suh, A. (2016) The phylogenomic forest of bird trees contains a hard polytomy at the root of Neoaves, Zool. Scripta 45(S1), 50–62. v t e...

wichmanni Lomalatachelys nuequina Chelidae Australian clade Chelodina (polytomy) Pseudemydura Birlimarr gaffneyi Rheodytes Elusor Flaviemys Elseya Emydura...

large-scale phylogenetic study by Conrad (2008) recovered the Mosasauria in a polytomy, or a clade with unresolved relationships, with monitor lizards and beaded...

position outside of Archosauria, clading together with Dongusuchus in a polytomy with Euparkeria and a clade made up of Proterochampsia and archosaurs....

Patagonia. Koleken is placed in the Carnotaurini tribe of Abelisauridae, in a polytomy with the other carnotaurins in a phylogenetic analysis: Koleken was found...

the three species of Cotylorhynchus and Alierasaurus form an unresolved polytomy. In the second cladogram, A. romeri is the sister taxon of a clade containing...

 louisae was the most basal species, followed by FMNH P25112, and then a polytomy of A. ajax, A. parvus, and A. excelsus. Their analysis was revised and...

Aranciaga-Rolando, Novas & Agnolín continued to find Megaraptora in a polytomy at the base of Tyrannosauroidea, based on the dataset of Apesteguia et...

was poorly resolved, its clades often weakly supported and with several polytomies. Subsequent analyses were conducted using implied weighting of characters...

This cladogram, after Paul et al. 2024, shows several eocrinoids in a polytomy with a clade containing several other blastozoan groups....

analysis, Herrerasaurus, Sanjuansaurus and Staurikosaurus all were in a polytomy, and Herrerasauridae was the most primitive group of saurischian, outside...

pleurosaurs. Although the bayesian analysis placed this clade in a large polytomy with various other rhynchocephalian groups and genera, the parsimony analysis...

yielded ambiguous results, finding that the blacktip reef shark forms a polytomy (irresolvable group) with 10 other Carcharhinus species. The blacktip reef...

346(6215):1320-1331. Suh, A. (2016) The phylogenomic forest of bird trees contains a hard polytomy at the root of Neoaves, Zool. Scripta 45(S1), 50-62. v t e...

along with four other proposed compsognathids in a polytomy within basal Coelurosauria. This polytomy notably did not include Compsognathus proper, which...

Corythosaurus as early-diverging genera, Hypacrosaurus and Olorotitan in a polytomy with a European clade of Arenysaurus and Blasisaurus and a derived clade...

along with three other proposed compsognathids in a polytomy within basal Coelurosauria. This polytomy notably did not include Composognathus proper, which...

entomophagous, entomophilous, epitome, monatomic, pentatomic, polyatomic, polytomy, Temnospondyli, tmesis, tome, tomogram, tomography, trichotomous, trichotomy...

early-diverging Pterosauria. These results recovered Eotephradactylus in a polytomy with Seazzadactylus, a clade including Eudimorphodon and Arcticodactylus...

which taxa were included, with some versions producing large, unresolved polytomies. Their best-resolved results, which restricted character scorings to the...

phylogenetic analysis performed by Ramírez-Velasco et al. (2012) found a large polytomy between all hadrosauroids that are more derived than Probactrosaurus but...

2022 (based on maximum parsimony, note that cladogram collapses into a polytomy under Bayesian analysis): Cladogram after Simoes et al. 2022 (based on...

Dahlia. Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy. Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron...

and Raibliania calligarisi) are pruned after the analysis to minimize polytomies: A later 2024 study grouped Tanystropheidae along with Trachelosauridae...

Cladogram of polytomy within Lilieae s.s. Lilieae s.s. Notholirion Cardiocrinum Lilium Fritillaria A Fritillaria B...

basalmost batomorphs, followed by the Rhinopristiformes, this analysis finds a polytomy between skates, electric rays, and thornbacks at the base of Batomorphi...

the exclusion of cranial characters increased the number of unresolved polytomies. In the official description of the related genus Vegasaurus, published...

which considered several taxa otherwise considered holocephalan to form a polytomy with Holocephali and Elasmobranchii (iniopterygians), or sit outside of...

phylogenetic analysis and recovered it within Therizinosauroidea in a polytomy with Alxasaurus, Enigmosaurus and therizinosaurids. In 1997 Dong Zhiming...

valid family of non tyrannosaurid eutyrannosaur. It currently sits in a polytomy with the Iren Dabasu taxon and more basal eutryannosaurs. The tyrannosauroids...

as it was either unselected by phylogenetic analysis or resolved in a polytomy with Radiodonta and Euarthropoda. One of the poorly-known body parts (trunk...

Tyrannosauroidea. Their analysis recovered the bulk of Megaraptora in a polytomy, and recovered Eotyrannus, a basal tyrannosauroid, within it. Various studies...

found the EK troodontid to be a distinct basal genus of troodontid, in a polytomy with Jinfengopteryx and a clade of more derived troodontids. "Eoplophysis"...

Styxosaurus, and in 2008 Druckenmiller and Russell placed it as part of a polytomy with two groups, one containing Libonectes and Terminonatator, the other...

and Evans (2019). Their phylogenetic analyses recovered an unresolved polytomy of most leptoceratopsids and some other similar dinosaurs at the base of...

resolved, with the relationships between many taxa reduced to unresolved polytomies. The parsimony analysis placed Albadris as the sister taxon to Sauropleura...

recovered Asiatyrannus from the Nanxiong Formation of South China to be in a polytomy with the North American Nanuqsaurus. These results are displayed in the...

resolution than their strict consensus tree, placed it in an unresolved polytomy of derived microraptorines, including Hesperonychus, Microraptor, and Zhongjianosaurus...

consensus tree, the latter of which presented a large, poorly-resolved polytomy. Sera, Takuma; Kusuhashi, Nao; Komatsu, Toshifumi; Miyake, Yuka; Yamashita...

description of the type material, Buono and Cozzuol recovered Notoziphius in a polytomy with the three aforementioned genera and Ziphirostrum. In their analysis...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

morphological analysis of the carpet sharks showed the genus Hemiscyllium as a polytomy, meaning that the phylogenetic relationships between the epaulette shark...

it was found to group between Lesothosaurus and Hexinlusaurus and in a polytomy with Agilisaurus as a member of Neornithischia. Both of the latter genera...

attempt to place them in a phylogenetic analysis recovered them as part of a polytomy with megacheirans, marrellomorphs, crustaceans and artiopodans. Still,...

affinities of this species are still not fully resolved, being recovered in a polytomy with T. inunguis and a clade formed by T. manatus and T. senegalensis:...

the paper's phylogenetic which recovers a monophyletic Dryptosauridae in polytomy with Moros, Jinbeisaurus, Xiongguanlong, Timurlengia, and an unnamed tyrannosaur...

via phylogenetic analyses, as these results recovered a large unresolved polytomy of styracosternans. Calvarius is known from the Talarn Formation, which...

and Baron et al. (2017). Langer et al.'s analysis resulted in a large polytomy placing Daemonosaurus as either a basal saurischian, a herrerasaurid, or...

the Ankylosauridae or Nodosauridae. This clade comprises an unresolved polytomy featuring—in addition to Spicomellus—Ahshislepelta, Chuanqilong, Gobisaurus...

1006/jtbi.2002.3066. PMID 12381290. Purvis, A.; Garland, T. Jr. (1993). "Polytomies in comparative analyses of continuous characters" (PDF). Systematic Biology...

H. Black and colleagues in 2012, where it was placed in an unresolved polytomy with Priscakoala, Koobor, Madakoala, and a clade containing all other phascolarctids...

within the genus, placing nearly all of the sampled species in a large polytomy. The description below is excerpted from Grose and Olmstead (2007). Trees...

included in this analysis was its holotype. Anodontosaurus was placed in a polytomy with the holotype of Euoplocephalus and some specimens that are referred...

recovered as a basal enantiornithean, the sister taxon of Pengornis, and in a polytomy with many other enantiornitheans. Falcatakely is known from the Maevarano...

recovered by the strict consensus tree but further dissolves certain polytomies present in the former. In both instances Alligatoroidea contains only...

the total group vertebrata. More specifically, it was found to form a polytomy with the other Laurentian stem-vertebrates, Metaspriggina and Emmonsaspis...

recircumscription, with increasing monophyly. Species segregate to form a basal polytomy of four subclades (A–D). The first clade (A) corresponding to section Crocus...

related to fellow ornithomimosaurian Harpymimus. Together they formed a polytomy with the main ornithomimosaurian branch just below Garudimimus. In 2014...

canaries (Serinus spp.) and goldfinches (Carduelis spp.) show several specific polytomies. Ardeola 53: 1–17. S2CID 46892185 Audio recordings from Xeno-canto...

of this subspecies, placing it as unresolved but emerging from a large polytomy at the base of the generic tree. Others members of the species Dudleya...

The phylogenetic trees of the Euglena genus still have some clades with polytomy. The phylogenetic relationship of Euglena viridis with other Euglena species...

phylogenetic analysis by Hartman and colleagues (2019), it was found in polytomy with the basal therizinosaur genera Alxasaurus, Enigmosaurus, in addition...

taxa may be found as slightly more basal or on an even level as part of a polytomy. For instance, a 2018 study by Lee and Yates, using genetic, morphological...

included poposaurids and ctenosauriscids, but the phylogeny had a large polytomy of genera in both groups that was difficult to resolve, which included...

Biarmosuchia, and a clade including Biseridens and Dinocephalia to form a polytomy at the base of Therapsida. Dinocephalians first appeared during the early...

placed Sauropia within the family Procolophonidae, in a large uresolved polytomy with several other early-diverging taxa, one of which, Oryporan, is also...

derived member of its family, with the strict consensus tree placing it in a polytomy consisting of itself, Caririsuchus, Itasuchus and Roxochampsa. Other than...

phylogenetic analysis resulted in a strict consensus tree with Asperoris in a polytomy or unresolved phylogenetic relationship with Erythrosuchus africanus, an...

than Angaturama. In contrast, Arden et al. (2018) recovered Oxalaia in a polytomy with Irritator and Spinosaurini in their phylogenetic analysis, the cladogram...

phylogenetic analysis of Otero et al., 2015 found Sauropodomorpha to be in a polytomy with Agnosphitys and Theropoda within Eusaurischia, with Herrerasauridae...

elasmosaurids. Following their cladistic analysis, Lagenanectes was in a polytomy with the "Speeton Clay plesiosaur" (a yet undescribed plesiosaur from the...

and nodes with less than 70% bootstrap support are collapsed, forming polytomies. As depicted here, genus Octopus (○) is polyphyletic: Gofas, S. (2013)...

Abdarainurus resolved as a non-titanosaur member of Somphospondyli, in a large polytomy with a variety of taxa. The more labile characters treated as slightly...

morphology was accepted, until a 2024 study found Emmonsaspis to be in a polytomy with Metaspriggina and Nuucichthys as a stem-group vertebrate. Lerosey-Aubril...

while the three widely accepted members of the Didazoonidae are in a polytomy with the clade of crownward chordates. The possible presence of a notochord...

analysis that incorporated only morphological data, it formed an unresolved polytomy with Badjcinus, Ngamalacinus and Nimbacinus at the base of Thylacinidae...

technique. A phylogenetic analysis of the mawsoniids published in 2020 found a polytomy grouping together the Cretaceous genera "Lualabaea", Axelrodichthys, and...

living relative is the Eden's whale. The two form a clade that forms a polytomy with the sei whale and Bryde's whale. It is an intermediate-sized rorqual...

Chromodoris and Glossodoris (except Glossodoris sedna). These species form a polytomy including Glossodoris baumanni and three clades of Atlantic and Eastern...

The first placed it in a polytomy including Neovenator and other megaraptorans, while the second placed it in a polytomy including other basal carcharodontosaurians;...

although the resulting tree was poorly resolved and contained a large polytomy. In said study, Cho and Tsai argued that Toyotamaphimeia originated in...

al. (2024) recovered Bramiscus as one of the basalmost giraffids, in a polytomy with Georgiomeryx. Their results are displayed in the cladogram below:...

considered valid in further analysis, and visually may be collapsed into a polytomy to indicate that relationships within a clade are unresolved. Many methods...

their description of Halszkaraptor. In 2020, Mahakala was recovered in a polytomy with halszkaraptorines, unenlagiines and microraptorines outside the subfamily...

Verbenaceae, Acanthaceae, and Lentibulariaceae. This group is described as a polytomy, meaning no two of its members are known to be more closely related to...

along with four other proposed compsognathids in a polytomy within basal Coelurosauria. This polytomy notably did not include Composognathus proper, which...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

Styxosaurus, and in 2008 Druckenmiller and Russell placed it as part of a polytomy with two groups, one containing Libonectes and Terminonatator, the other...

which recovered Patagornithinae, Phorusrhacinae, and Physornithinae in a polytomy (an unnatural grouping) (topology 1). A later phylogenetic analysis by...

(2013) recovered Neovenator at the base of Carcharodontosauridae, in a polytomy with Eocarcharia and Concavenator. Cladogram after Novas et al., 2013 Chris...

(2024). Using implied weighting, Shakajlura was recovered in an unresolved polytomy of early-diverging members of the pseudosuchian clade Paracrocodylomorpha...

monophyletic. The clade is not very well resolved, however, having a number of polytomies: Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by...

along with four other proposed Compsognathids in a polytomy within basal Coelurosauria. This polytomy notably did not include Composognathus proper, which...

analysis of Xu et al. (2009) recovered it as a dilophosaurid in unresolved polytomy with Dilophosaurus wetherilli, "Dilophosaurus" sinensis, Dracovenator and...

more basal of the four species with the other three species creating a polytomy. Oligocottus prefixes oligos, meaning "small", with Cottus, the type species...

produced a majority rule consensus tree where Mosura was found to be in a polytomy with Stanleycaris, Schinderhannes, Peytoia and the clade formed by Aegirocassis...

Conversely, Yu et al.. (2023) recovered Archaeotherium as belonging to a polytomy with Brachyhyops and a clade consisting of Entelodon and Paraentelodon...

Ornithomimidae. Shenzhousaurus, also from the Yixian Formation, was found in a polytomy with Hexing and this clade, as shown by the following cladogram: The small...

to each other are uncertain, with the clade having been recovered as a polytomy in recent analyses. Phylogeny of Choristodera after Dong and colleagues...

and Barghusen (1986) could only recover Eutherocephalia as an unresolved polytomy. Despite these shortcomings, subsequent discussions of therocephalian relationships...

more derived Ceratopsidae. This tree, however, recovered an unresolved polytomy at the base of Cerapoda, including Pachycephalosauria, Ceratopsia, and...

original description, Xunmenglong is recovered as a compsognathid in a polytomy including Compsognathus, Huaxiagnathus, and Juravenator. However, Andrea...

unusually resulted with the archosauriform Euparkeria as the sister taxon to a polytomy containing the two dinosauriforms. The Soumyasaurus holotype was found...

evolution of the avian bauplan, Cau (2018) found in the parsimony analysis a polytomy between herrerasaur-grade taxa, Sauropodomorpha and the controversial Ornithoscelida...

type description recovered Mambawakale as a basal paracrocodylomorph in a polytomy with two other Manda Bed Pseudosuchians, Poposauroidea and Loricata. The...

Brontornithinae, Phorusrhacinae, and Patagornithinae, resulting in Titanis in a polytomy (topology 1). In their 2015 description of Llallawavis, the Argentinian...

member of the family Targaryendraconidae. In the latter clade it formed a polytomy with Aussiedraco and Barbosania. Below is a cladogram following Pêgas et...

(subsequently named Dzharacursor). The analysis recovered Rativates in a polytomy of derived ornithomimids, consistent with a single radiation of ornithomimids...

form an unresolved polytomy. In the second cladogram, Cotylorhynchus hancocki and C. bransoni are sister taxa and form a polytomy with Cotylorhynchus...

of Benson and Druckenmiller (2014), advanced pliosaurids form a large polytomy unless fragmentary species are removed or stratigraphic assumptions are...

Eogranivora was placed in the Ornithuromorpha, in a rather basal position in a polytomy, below the Hongshanornithidae but above Archaeorhynchus. The combination...

placed Gracilisgallus as a late-diverging member of the Phasianidae, in a polytomy with extant turkeys and grouse, generally referred to as the Tetraonini...

its three sublineages, Telephiae, Phedimus/Rhodiola and Umbilicus form a polytomy with the rest of the subfamily. The Telephieae genera consist of former...

Alexander (2016). "The phylogenomic forest of bird trees contains a hard polytomy at the root of Neoaves". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 50–62. doi:10.1111/zsc...

position in relation to other dinosaur ootaxa. They recovered it in a polytomy of other theropod eggs which is the sister taxon to oviraptorosaur eggs...

Gobisaurus and Shamosaurus within the polytomy. Park et al. (2019) also placed Aletopelta within a polytomy but with the inclusion of Jinyunpelta, Nodosaurus...

phylogenetic position of this family: Scansoriopterygidae was recovered in polytomy with the family Alvarezsauridae and the clade Eumaniraptora (containing...

neognaths based on a few post-cranial features and recovers them in a polytomy with Galloanserae and Neoaves, but does note that this link is worth investigating...

strict consensus tree, they found that H. philcreaseri formed an unresolved polytomy with several other species of Hypsiprymnodon and propleopines at the base...

derived toothed whale. Specifically, Romaleodelphis was found to clade in a polytomy with Chilcacetus, Argyrocetus bakersfieldensis and a larger grouping consisting...

Gaffneylania and other meiolaniids suffered from the presence of multiple polytomies. In response a reduced strict consensus tree was calculated by the researchers...

Hendrickx and Octávio Mateus. It placed Sinosaurus and Cryolophosaurus in a polytomy at the base of Tetanurae. Recent studies placed Sinosaurus outside the...

phylogenetic analysis including Cucumericrus, either resolving it in a polytomy between euarthropods and other radiodonts (alongside Caryosyntrips) or...

analyses and recovered it within the ceratosaur clade Abelisauroidea in a polytomy including Deltadromeus. The following year, Cau and Paterna used an updated...

Timaliidae that were studied across what essentially was a badly resolved polytomy with Old World warblers and white-eyes. As the typical warblers (genus...

within the paper variably suggest Azilestes to be part of a zhelestid polytomy which includes solenodons, a monophyletic Zhelestidae, or a basal member...

dinosauriform; their phylogenetic analysis including the specimen recovered it in a polytomy with Silesaurus, Ornithischia, Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha, and three herrerasaurs...

the other genus in Garwood et al.'s Tetrophthalmi was recovered in a polytomy with the remaining oplionids, however. The most recent phylogenetic analyses...

(natural) group; all members were found to be basal centrosaurines, forming a polytomy, or unresolved group. They cautioned that more material, especially parietal...

analysis by Martín Ezcurra and Richard J. Butler found Pectodens in a large polytomy with other members of the Tanystropheidae, with Dinocephalosaurus and Trachelosaurus...

their taxon list. The resulting cladogram (below) found Centrosaurini as a polytomy, a grouping with no discernable sister group relationships within it. The...

within a monophyletic Osteolepiformes, a polytomy with Eusthenopteron basal to Megalichthys, or a polytomy basal to Medoevia and Gogonasus. It is possible...

phylogenetic analysis performed by Ramírez-Velasco et al. (2012) found a big polytomy of all hadrosauroids which are more derived than Probactrosaurus but less...

feeling, understanding, and will. In his Logic (113) Kant notes that all "polytomy are empirical" and "cannot be taught in logic". Hegel held that a thing's...

finding teleosaurids split into multiple clades that together form a broad polytomy. Here too the Indosinosuchus species do not directly clade with one another...

derived from several past analyses. Maximucinus was placed in an unresolved polytomy with Wabulacinus ridei, Thylacinus macknessi and a clade containing all...

ilioischiadic foramen. The actual phylogenetic tree depicts them in a polytomy with both Galloanserae and Neoaves. It has been suggested at times that...

cladogram) is basically the 50% majority rule tree, except with some of the polytomies resolved according to the results of the maximum agreement subtree: The...

Brontotholus as a sister taxon of Foraminacephale within the Pachycephalosauridae polytomy. The results of the strict consensus phylogenetic analysis based on extended...

as a derived tyrannosaurine member of the family Tyrannosauridae, in a polytomy with the North American Nanuqsaurus. These results are displayed in the...

resulted in a strict consensus tree with a large polytomy or unresolved evolutionary relationship. This polytomy contained Erpetosuchidae, Avemetatarsalia,...

dataset of Holgado and Pêgas (2020), the two genera were recovered in a polytomy with Mythunga, which is known from the same formation as Haliskia. This...

et al. (2022) recovered similar relationships, with Lajasvenator in a polytomy with Lusovenator, Eocarcharia, and Concavenator. In his 2024 review of...

vertebral features found in more derived sauropods. They found it in a polytomy with the Asian taxon Gongxianosaurus, and possibly related to South American...

phylogenetic analysis. Cladistic analyses revealed that Regaliceratops is in a polytomy with Ojoceratops and Eotriceratops. Timeline of ceratopsian research Sullivan...

the hadrosaurid clade Saurolophinae. The analysis found an unresolved polytomy within this clade, comprising Gongshuilong, Wulagasaurus, Acristavus, and...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

basal than Piscogavialis, which it shared its habitat with. It forms a polytomy alongside the also marine Gavialosuchus (Europe), Thecachampsa (North America)...

in the Enantiornithes. A cladistic analysis showed it to be part of a polytomy with Qiliania and other enantiornithean specimens of the Changma Basin...

Strigiformes). Their strict consensus tree recovered a largely unresolved polytomy of stem owls, with both Ypresiglaux species in a monophyletic clade. Meanwhile...

analyses and recovered it within the ceratosaur clade Abelisauroidea in a polytomy including Deltadromeus. The following year, Cau and Paterna used an updated...

al. found Cearadactylus within the group Ctenochasmatoidea, part of a polytomy that also comprises Gnathosaurus and Ardeadactylus (identified as Pterodactylus...

beaded lizards). The genome-based analysis placed Bolg in an unresolved polytomy with other fossil monstersaurians, while the morphology-based analysis...

Dinocephalosaurus in a polytomy with Tanystropheidae and Trachelosaurus. Jesairosaurus was found to be the most closely related genus to this polytomy. In 2020, Tiane...

in a clade with Balsaminaceae and sometimes Pentadiplandraceae or in a polytomy with Balsaminaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Caricacaeae, Centrospermae, and...

2016 revision, though in the case of the latter it was placed in a large polytomy at the base of Globidonta. A better resolved phylogenetic position was...

within Geosaurini than previously thought. P. manselii was found in a polytomy at the base of Geosaurini with Torvoneustes and a clade that includes Dakosaurus...

R.; Branch, W.R.; Mouton, P.le F.N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

most recent common ancestor (MRCA) Muller's ratchet multifurcation See polytomy. mutant An organism, gene product, or phenotypic trait resulting from a...

et al. (2007) and Yuan et al. (2013) eutriconodonts were in unresolved polytomy with multituberculates and trechnotherians. If confirmed this would make...

However, other parts of the tree lost much resolution creating a large polytomy of large groups above Erythrosuchidae. This analysis is given below: Sookias...

Brachauchenius eulerti. This time, the study recovered FHSM VP-321 from a polytomy clade shared by Brachauchenius and a pliosaur specimen cataloged as DORK/G/1-2...

reaffirmed. However, a 2016 review of Euparkeriidae recovered Dorosuchus in a polytomy with Euparkeriidae, Archosauria, and Phytosauria. Gower, D.J.; Sennikov...

resolve its relationships to Raeticodactylus and Pachagnathus beyond a polytomy of the three species due to a lack of overlapping material. A simplified...

edwardsorum, Silvisaurus condrayi, and Pawpawsaurus campbelli form a basal polytomy nested deep to Cedarpelta." Dinosaurs portal Timeline of ankylosaur research...

immediate branches that don't cluster into further groups, is known as a polytomy and reflects phylogenetic uncertainty. The uncertainty in the case of Zhenyuanlong...

that it had a more derived position than the Proterosuchidae. It was in a polytomy with Fugusuchus and Sarmatosuchus, all three forms being more basal than...

the aquatic Tangasauridae, and the terrestrial Younginidae (in partial polytomy with Tangasauridae). However, they found no support for the inclusion of...

by Philip Mannion and colleagues in 2013 found Ruyangosaurus to be in a polytomy with Andesaurus and other basal titanosaurs and near-titanosaur somphospondyls...

that the inclusion of Echinerpeton in his analysis was causing large polytomies, or unresolved relationships, in the strict consensus tree. Mann and Patterson...

between Uberabatitan and Brasilotitan "possible"; their analysis recovered a polytomy of Brasilotitan, Uberabatitan, and a clade containing other members of...

Rauisuchidae as monophyletic but completely unresolved, with all six species in a polytomy. Surveys of the interrelationships within Rauisuchidae found P. kirkpatricki...

described by Li et al. (2021), is also similar to Qilinyu. It occupies a polytomy with Qilinyu, Silurolepis, and crownward taxa. Below is a cladogram showing...

These results placed Musankwa within the Unaysauridae in an unresolved polytomy with Jaklapallisaurus, Macrocollum, and Unaysaurus outside of the Massopoda...

Jackman TR, Branch WR, Mouton PLFN (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

Eusauropoda, diverging after Shunosaurus and Patagosaurus, in an unresolved polytomy with Mamenchisaurus and two species of Omeisaurus (O. puxiani and O. tianfuensis)...

younginiform'—as the sister taxon to Youngina, with this clade forming an unresolved polytomy with a clade comprising traditional 'tangasaurids' and Sauria (Archosauromorpha...

tree; besides a default spiral design, there are other options, such as polytomy. Leaves and nodes provide links to other websites, such as Wikipedia, Encyclopedia...

Tsacas and David, 1978 The species of the simulans complex form a hard polytomy. Most likely, the island species D. (S.) mauritiana (Mauritius) and D....

clade Itasuchidae (which would be composed of Pepesuchus and the recovered polytomy) and various more basal taxa. Subsequently, following this taxonomy Epoidesuchus...

pruning 5 out of 40 OTUs a posteriori to offer maximum resolution/minimum polytomies: "Langobardisaurus". Vertebrate Paleontology at Insubria University. Retrieved...

example by additional polytomies in the symbiont tree, possibly leading to intractable inference problems, because polytomies need to be resolved. It...

Graulia and the Early Triassic Dobrogeria of Romania, in an unresolved polytomy at the base of Latimeriidae (the family containing the modern coelacanth...

Targaryendraconia, more specifically placed within the family Cimoliopteridae in a polytomy. The genus Haopterus was used to define the Ornithocheiridae in Unwin's...

Boluochia (not tested in the latter dataset) in this clade, in an unresolved polytomy. The results of the latter analyses are displayed in the cladogram below...

Euhelopodidae, but its specific placement is uncertain among this group due to polytomy shown in the matrix, which is mainly based on D'Emic (2012). In contrast...

distinct branches—is disputed. A 2009 study found them to be an unresolved polytomy at the base of Neodiapsida. In their 2011 description of Orovenator, Reisz...

member of the therizinosaur family Therizinosauridae, in an unresolved polytomy (more than one branch descending from a single node) with Nanshiungosaurus—a...

Bonapartenykus. Makovicky, Apesteguía and Gianechini (2012) found it to be in a polytomy with Alnashetri, Bonapartenykus, and a clade containing more deeply nested...

Eudromaeosauria. Within that clade, however, most taxa were recovered in a large polytomy, due to the limited codings available for Acheroraptor. Evans et al. (2013)...

It has been either recovered as the sister genus to Myripristis or in a polytomy with all the other genera in the subfamily. Paleontology portal Fish portal...

are uncertain because a phylogenetic analysis only generates a massive polytomy of abelisaurids more derived than Spectrovenator. Iori, F.V.; de Araújo-Júnior...

Rutiotomodon was found to be more derived than Teraterpeton, in an unresolved polytomy with Coelodontognathus, which was recovered as a trilophosaurid. Sues has...

block. Spiekman et al. recover Pendraig as a coelophysoid theropod, in a polytomy with Powellvenator, Lucianovenator, and the clade comprising "Syntarsus"...

polytomy with Abydosaurus and Cedarosaurus. The remaining tree was the same as in D'Emic (2012), although Brachiosaurus was collapsed into a polytomy...

consensus performed by Frauenfelder et al. (2022) recovered it within a polytomy, along with Cedarpelta and Chuanqilong, that is sister clade to both Ankylosauridae...

strict consensus tree, they found that H. dennisi formed an unresolved polytomy with several other species of Hypsiprymnodon and propleopines at the base...

which it was recovered as a coelophysoid. However, its inclusion led to a polytomy amongst coelophysoids, while their relationships were fully resolved when...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

sauropsid clade Neodiapsida is uncertain due to the presence of an unresolved polytomy at the base of this group. These results are displayed in the cladogram...

Laevisuchus. Later in 2024, Hendrickx et al. recovered Noasaurus in a polytomy with Laevisuchus, Masiakasaurus, Velocisaurus, and Vespersaurus, likely...

new cladistic analysis was performed. Here, Erketu was recovered in a polytomy along Chubutisaurus within the Somphospondyli: The remains of Erketu are...

of a basal polytomy. The 50% majority rule consensus tree recovered similar results but differed in that instead of being within a polytomy it was sister...

dermochelyoids, forming a polytomy with the Dermochelyidae and Protostegidae. The inclusion of Chelomacryptodira resolved this polytomy, and suggested that...

positions, Orientalosuchus, Dongnanosuchus and Eurycephalosuchus in a polytomy and finally Jiangxisuchus and Eoalligator still as sister taxa. A notable...

recovered Beishanlong as a basal ornithomimosaur outside Deinocheiridae in a polytomy with Pelecanimimus and Shenzhousaurus. They also recovered Harpymimus as...

more derived Ceratopsidae. This tree, however, recovered an unresolved polytomy at the base of Cerapoda including Pachycephalosauria, Ceratopsia, and most...

camel (Camelus bactrianus) than to the dromedary, it forms an effective polytomy with the two living Bactrian camel species likely due to interbreeding...

pointing prezygapophyses. Averianov & Lopatin (2021) placed Khulsanurus in a polytomy with Albinykus, Ceratonykus, Linhenykus, Parvicursor, Xixianykus, Qiupanykus...

Later, in 2024, Cau published a new paper that recovered Scipionyx in a polytomy with Wiehenvenator, Iberospinus, and the rest of Spinosauridae. The holotype...

the Triceratops branch. Within Triceratopsini the analysis recovered a polytomy of six taxa including Ojoceratops, Titanoceratops, Nedoceratops, Torosaurus...

When tested in a phylogenetic analysis, Bagaraatan was recovered in a polytomy with derived tyrannosauroids within the Tyrannosauridae. However, they...

most parsimonious trees) of the parsimony analysis placed Dendromaia in a polytomy near the base of Varanopidae, along with Pyozia and a clade which forks...

al. (2018) originally placed Dynamoterror within Tyrannosaurinae, in a polytomy with Lythronax, Nanuqsaurus, Teratophoneus, Daspletosaurus, Zhuchengtyrannus...

confirming this assignment. The second analysis, however, recovered it in a polytomy, whereas the third and final analysis found that it claded with Thylacinus...

the Coauilaceratops description, Loewen et al. (2010), it was found in a polytomy with Anchiceratops and Arrhinoceratops, with which it was found in a sister...

analyses, Shen et al. (2024) recovered Neobohaiornis in an unresolved polytomy with several other members of the enantiornithean family Bohaiornithidae...

taxon to the remaining three forms, which were grouped in an unresolved polytomy as no single relationship appeared in the majority of most parsimonious...

of Crocodyliformes recovered Bayomesasuchus within Peirosauridae in a polytomy with the African peirosaurid Hamadasuchus rebouli and a clade formed by...

the same region. Zverkov and Efimov (2019) recovered Plutoniosaurus in a polytomy with the type species of Platypterygius and Leninia. The following cladogram...

conclusive research shows that H. peninsularis and H. whipplei form a polytomy, and are sister to H. newberryi, which is consistent with the fact that...

and therizinosaurs. They found Byronosaurus to be the sister group of a polytomy consisting of the two Saurornithoides species from Asia and Troodon formosus...

earlier study. In this study the strict consensus placed both species in a polytomy with the Aegypiinae (including Cryptogyps), while the Bayesian analysis...

Formation). Diquin was scored in a phylogenetic analysis and found in a large polytomy of maniraptoriforms. It had to be pruned from the analysis to recover better...

analysis of Moore et al. (2023) (Topology A below) recovered Yantaloong in a polytomy with Lapparentosaurus and a clade formed by Jobaria and Atlasaurus. This...

of Brownstein and colleagues recovered most of Scincomorpha in a large polytomy. However, their results did suggest that Eoscincus was a close relative...

steps more basal between Tianyulong and Fruitadens, or in an unresolved polytomy with Echinodon and Heterodontosaurus, as was the situation in the 2017...

and Sues placed Dzharatitanis in the Rebbachisauridae, in an unresolved polytomy with Demandasaurus, Nigersaurus, Rayososaurus and Rebbachisaurus. The taxon...

Didelphis. Their phylogenetic analyses placed Cifelliodon as forming a polytomy with Hahnodon and Vintana—the latter of which is a gondwanathere—as members...

2021 study found the genus to be a lepidosaur of uncertain position, in a polytomy with Squamata and Rhynchocephalia. In 2025, Marke and colleagues recovered...

al. (2013) finding two placements for Thiornis. One being in a massive polytomy with several of the smaller species of grebe and the other being part of...

as an early-diverging member of the Crocodylomorpha, in an unresolved polytomy with several other basal crocodylomorphs, including UCMP 129470, a specimen...

interrelationships of this clade were poorly resolved, with many nodes reduced to a polytomy. These results are displayed in the cladogram below: Szczygielski, Tomasz;...

containing Russian gorgonopsians and the other African. They found Phorcys in a polytomy at the base of the African clade with Eriphostoma, Gorgonops and a clade...

included in this analysis was its holotype. Anodontosaurus was placed in a polytomy with the holotype of Euoplocephalus and some specimens that are referred...

A cladistic analysis indicated a derived position in that clade, in a polytomy with Neuquenornis, Enantiophoenix, Concornis and Eoenantiornis. Fossil...

because their inclusion in the dataset made the tree largely collapse into a polytomy containing, apart from the three species, all Pterodactyloidea and even...

families was so uncertain that they could not be placed in any of the polytomies in the tree. They are shown in the classification table entitled "Detailed...

(highlighted below) except for Dunhuangia, which it was recovered in a polytomy with alongside Eocathayornis. Their results are displayed in the cladogram...

lizard Ninurta gen. nov.: Stanley et al, 2011, Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)...

these dyrosaurids were not resolved, as Acherontisuchus was placed in a polytomy with Hyposaurus, Congosaurus, and a group containing the other close relatives...

analysis caused much of the Pentaceratops-line to collapse into an unresolved polytomy. Additionally, it was noted the coding of the Pentaceratops and Chasmosaurus...

was found to be a derived troodontid in a phylogenetic analysis, in a polytomy with Troodon and a clade formed by Zanabazar and Saurornithoides. This...

in 2022), using unconstrained Bayesian inference analyses moved it to a polytomy with Lewisuchus and Silesauridae as the sister taxon of the Dinosauria...

genus Leptorhynchos; the two species they assigned to the genus were in a polytomy with Hagryphus and a clade containing Caenagnathus, Chirostenotes, and...

Neuquenraptor was assigned by Novas and Pol to the Dromaeosauridae in a polytomy with several dromaeosaurid taxa. Some subsequent studies did not treat...

weighting). Iterations 3 and 5 (k = 3) recovered Cryptarcus in an unresolved polytomy with Agujaceratops spp., more closely related to Pentaceratops than Chasmosaurus...

Meroktenos formed a polytomy with Blikanasaurus and more derived taxa, above Aardonyx in the evolutionary tree and below a polytomy including Camelotia...

species level analyses. The maximum parsimony analysis yielded a large polytomy at the base of Centrosaurinae, with only Centrosaurini, most of Pachyrhinosaurini...

clade to Loricata. Nathan Smith and colleagues recovered poposauroids in a polytomy with loricatans as well as the genera Stagonosuchus and Mambawakale, though...

year. A strict consensus tree placed Istiorachis in a large unresolved polytomy forming the base of Hadrosauriformes. Using extended implied weighting...

strict consensus tree, they found that H. karenblackae formed an unresolved polytomy with several other species of Hypsiprymnodon and propleopines at the base...

among the noasaurids: In 2024, Hendrickx et al.. recovered Noasaurus in a polytomy with Laevisuchus, Masiakasaurus, Velocisaurus, and Vespersaurus, likely...

becomes poorly resolved with most members of the group forming an enormous polytomy (an undesirable result in the field of cladistics). Meanwhile, extended...

tentatively transferred into the following cladogram (monophyla in bold, polytomies reflect unresolved relationships) Notes: aMillerocaulis is a likely paraphyletic...

that are apparently not stable in space and time, are best described as polytomy, from which the similar island taxa derive. Obviously, N. c. limnaeetus...

as a synonym of Asiatosuchus nanlingensis in 2016, as part of a large polytomy in 2018 and as the sister taxon to Jiangxisuchus in 2019. However, in all...

(2002) place Mekosuchus, Quinkana and a then unnamed Volia in a large polytomy as sisters to Trilophosuchus within the clade Mekosuchini. A 2018 tip dating...

triisodonts and mesonychids; and the remainder of tested arctocyonids formed a polytomy basal to that clade and Diacodexis. In 2015, Peter E. Kondrashov and Spencer...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

performed by the team. However, in one analysis, T. yorkellus formed a polytomy with Thylacinus megiriani and T. cynocephalus. This group is hypothesised...

ceratosaur-centric matrix resulted in it being found as part of the Noasauridae in a polytomy (unresolved group). In this analysis, the inclusion of Afromimus in the...

Cronopio and Leonardus; Chimento et al. (2012) found it to be in unresolved polytomy with Cronopio, Leonardus and the clade containing all other meridiolestidans...

two phylogenetic analysis, the first recovered Centuriavis in a large polytomy within crown phasianids alongside turkeys, grouse, true partridges and...

when included in a phylogenetic analysis, Archaeoistiodactylus fell in a polytomy with wukongopterids, providing further support for an affinity with the...

the sister taxon of Camposipterus nasutus. In turn, their clade forms a polytomy (an unresolved group) along with the species Camposipterus colorhinus and...

placed these species as very close relatives (either in an unresolved polytomy or as sister taxa), distantly related to G. yumenensis, reinforcing the...

waters. A phylogenetic analysis of the mawsoniids published in 2020 found a polytomy grouping together Trachymetopon and the Cretaceous genera "Lualabaea",...

superspecies): nuclear and mitochondrial genetic characters suggest a hard polytomy, in line with the paleogeography of the centre of origin". Contributions...

of the tuatara. Tika was recovered as a member of Sphenodontinae, in a polytomy with Cynosphenodon, Kawasphenodon, and Sphenodon (the tuatara). Tika is...

of a new taxon which they named Spinops. Spinops was found to be in a polytomy with Centrosaurus apertus, C. brinkmani and Styracosaurus, and therefore...

Hemicordylus resurrected: Stanley et al, 2011, Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)...

Dongusuchus, and Spondylosoma, with Spondylosoma forming the sister group to a polytomy containing the other three. This group is differentiated from other archosauriforms...

Sonselasuchus as a member of the poposauroid clade Shuvosauridae, in an unresolved polytomy including Effigia and Shuvosaurus, which are known from the Late Triassic...

about the relationships of the genera, which have been recovered as a polytomy in recent studies. Neochoristodera contains the named genera Champsosaurus...

relationships of organisms), which recovered Patagorhacos as a valid genus in a polytomy (an unnatural grouping) with Andalgalornis, Patagornis, and Andrewsornis...

recovered in a polytomy with Zulmasuchus, Sebecus, Ogresuchus and the clade formed by Ayllusuchus and Bretesuchus or within a polytomy with Sebecus, Ogresuchus...

relationship between them. Morphological analysis tends to put Nanotitanops in a polytomy near the node of the subfamily Brontotheriinae. It has been proposed as...

by Degrange et al. found Andrewsornis in a merged Phorusrhacinae and in polytomy with Physornis and Phorusrhacos as well. The following phylogenetic tree...

and Sauropodomorpha. Within Herrerasauridae, Gnathovorax was found in a polytomy with Herrerasaurus and Sanjuansaurus. The holotype skeleton of Gnathovorax...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

this analysis, Alnashetri was recovered as a basal alvarezsaurid, in a polytomy with other alvarezsaurids from the Neuquén Basin. The evidence supporting...

Henderson (2015) originally placed Regaliceratops within Triceratopsini, in a polytomy with Eotriceratops, Ojoceratops, and a clade containing more nested taxa...

the as of yet unnamed second species, but find the two to be placed in a polytomy alongside Caryonosuchus. Research conducted to determine the resting metabolic...

basal abelisaurids, but was unable to resolve its affinities beyond a polytomy (collapsed tree). The resulting phylogenetic tree is partially reproduced...

tree recovered by the analysis, reproduced below, found Triopticus in a polytomy with other basal archosauriforms. In the Otis Chalk assemblage, Triopticus...

broilii is positioned above Martensius bromackerensis, and is followed by a polytomy between Oromycter dolesorum, Trichasaurus texensis, and a clade of remaining...

Banksia) and B. meisneri var. adscendens. This clade was in turn part of a polytomy with a clade containing series Grandes, and a clade containing the bulk...

Moutrille and colleagues recovered Kuru in an unresolved velociraptorine polytomy including Adasaurus, Luanchuanraptor, and Yurgovuchia. These results were...

glide. In the original paper describing it, Xianglong was recovered in a polytomy with the Agaminae, Chamaeleonidae and Leiolepidinae. This was based on...

considered to be a basal radiodont of uncertain position, usually resolved in a polytomy between euarthropod and radiodont branches. however more recent papers...

however, it could not resolve the relationships within Placeriinae beyond a polytomy containing Pentasaurus and all other placeriines, as shown in the cladogram...

triisodonts and mesonychids; and the remainder of tested arctocyonids formed a polytomy basal to that clade and Diacodexis. In 2015, Peter E. Kondrashov and Spencer...

Saratovia and genera grouped in the 2019 study as Cimoliopteridae formed a polytomy, meaning that their exact relationships are unresolved. Averianov emphasized...

sister taxon to Eurypoda (ankylosaurs + stegosaurs) or in an unresolved polytomy with these clades and Yuxisaurus. The authors argued that Parankylosauria...

relationships in the family are poorly resolved, resulting in a large polytomy. While the ecology of atoposaurids is rather poorly understood, recent...

median dorsal opening. A 2024 phylogeny places the family in an unresolved polytomy at the base of Eugaleaspidiformes, alongside Shuyuidae and a larger clade...

as each other's closets relatives while the other species form a large polytomy with this grouping in the strict consensus tree. The Adam's consensus of...

In turn, the clade formed by these genera is sister to one comprising a polytomy of Australian tropeognathines typically referred to as the Mythungini....

"S." shartegensis to "S." cf. thailandicus, as it resulted in a large polytomy. As the paper synonymizing the two crocodylomorphs appeared shortly before...

about relationships among the groups of basal lamiids. The groups in this polytomy include the order Garryales, the families Icacinaceae, Oncothecaceae, and...

notably less well resolved than the Bayesian consensus, featuring a massive polytomy that includes almost all non-desmatosuchin aetosaurs. The conflicting positions...

morphological dataset of Baron, Norman and Barrett (2017). They recovered a polytomy showing herrerasaurs, Eodromaeus, Daemonosaurus, theropods, and a clade...

it for optimal clarity. When included, Mongolostegus was recovered in a polytomy with the most early-diverging (basal) stegosaurs, including Huayangosaurus...

Chiromyoides campanicus, and Chiromyoides mauberti. Chiromyoides caesor formed a polytomy with the two main clades. Chiromyoides potior was not included in their...

sphenacodont, more derived than Haptodus garnettensis (Currie, 1977) or in a polytomy with it. The cladogram below shows Pantelosaurus' phylogenetic position...

González Riga and colleagues found it to belong to Lognkosauria, in a polytomy with Patagotitan and Puertasaurus. This analysis also found Longkosauria...

and a grouping of Camposipterus and Aetodactylus formed an unresolved polytomy with Targaryendraconidae. He argued that the distinction between the two...

conclusions of Mann et al. (2019), recovering Carbonodraco in an unresolved polytomy with both species of Colobomycter within the Acleistorhinidae. Carbonodraco...

Transylvanosaurus as a member of the Rhabdodontidae, in an unresolved polytomy with most other rhabdotontids. Despite these results, the authors proposed...

Jackman TR, Branch WR, Mouton PLFN (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

clade are unresolved. The original 2014 description found it in a large polytomy with Eocursor, Lesothosaurus, Stormbergia, Scutellosaurus, the clade Thyreophora...

and other Mesozoic neopterygians placed Kyphosichthys in an unresolved polytomy with Lepisosteus (living gars) and the extinct Semionotus. Xu, G. -H.;...

analysis by Modesto and Damiani (2007) in which Procolophon is defined in polytomy with Thelerpeton and Leptopleuroninae: In their phylogenetic analyses,...

the analyses of Benton et al. (2000) and Yates (2003) recovered it in a polytomy with other basal sauropodomorphs or as a massospondylid, respectively....

Ferrodraco as a basal member of the Anhangueria, and sister taxon to the polytomy that comprises Anhanguera, Coloborhynchus and Ornithocheirus. A more recent...

the "allochoristoderes" in the study. Heishanosaurus was recovered in a polytomy with the Late Jurassic Coeruleodraco, despite its much younger age. Dong...

et al. places Hamititan as a derived non-lithostrotian titanosaur in a polytomy with Epachthosaurus, Kaijutitan, Notocolossus, rinconsaurs, lognkosaurs...

Hadrosauridae. Its exact affinities were unclear as it was recovered in a polytomy with many other such forms. Its existence was seen as affirming a pattern...

resolution, still recovering Kinyang as an osteolaemine but seated in a large polytomy that consists of Voay, Rimasuchus, osteolaemines, the Euthecodontini, Crocodylus...

another paper describing Palaeocampa anthrax found Carbotubulus to be in a polytomy with a variety of traditional Hallucigeniids (though Cardiodictyon and...

Jackman TR, Branch WR, Mouton PLFN (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

is found to be one of the most basal eutriconodonts. It is positioned a polytomy with Liaoconodon, a Jeholodens + Yanoconodon clade (Jeholodentidae), and...

to lizards, but lepidosauromorph relations were largely reduced into a polytomy upon the addition of Kuehneosaurus into the analysis. Adding Fraxinisaura...

2015 by Degrange et al found Patagornis in a merged Phorusrhacinae and in polytomy with Physornis and Phorusrhacos as well. The following phylogenetic tree...

recover its relationship in much more detail due to the formation of a large polytomy. The later analysis conducted by Delfino and colleagues differs from that...

Dornraptor was found to be an early-branching averostran theropod in a polytomy with Elaphrosaurus, Cryolophosaurus, and the clade containing Allosaurus...

(2000), in using the term "lilioid monocots" and again noting unresolved polytomy between these four orders and the remaining monocot clades (commelinids...

by Rozadilla et al., 2019, showing all members of Elasmaria forming a polytomy. Talenkauen, as a basal ornithopod, would have been a small, bipedal herbivore...

between Erpetosuchus and Crocodylomorpha. Instead, erpetosuchids formed a polytomy or unresolved evolutionary relationship at the base of Archosauria along...

again as closely related taxa with the addition of Paraxenisaurus in a polytomy. Limb proportions, pedal unguals morphology and the extension of the ilium...

phylogenetic analysis in that paper resulted in Erpetosuchidae being part of a polytomy with the two main branches of Archosauria, Pseudosuchia and Avemetatarsalia...

was found to be a part of the basal group of iguanodonts, Elasmaria in polytomy with other South American ornithopods and Morrosaurus. Cladogram based...

stegosaurians found that Paranthodon was outside Stegosauridae, and in a polytomy with Tuojiangosaurus, Huayangosaurus, Chungkingosaurus, Jiangjunosaurus...

where the uncertain relationships within Malerisaurinae are presented as a polytomy: Representing material referred to 'Otischalkia elderae' and similar-sized...

Pawpawsaurus and Borealopelta. However, Zheng et al. (2018) recovered it in a polytomy with Struthiosaurus, Stegopelta, Hungarosaurus and Pawpawsaurus. Rivera-Sylva...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

of Quinkana and Mekosuchus itself, with Trilophosuchus outside of this polytomy. Later studies and the description of new mekosuchine taxa gradually improved...

William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

groupings was low. Other analyses also found Acamptonectes within unresolved polytomies. For the 2016 description of Muiscasaurus, Erin Maxwell and colleagues...

analysis resulted in Alienacanthus being recovered in Selenosteidae in a polytomy with Amazichthys, and a polytomic clade comprising Melanosteus, Enseosteus...

sister taxon to Pectocaris inopinata, with this clade forming an unresolved polytomy with Pectocaris eurypetala, P. spatiosa, and Jugatacaris agilis. These...

Santacruzgnathus. The resulting cladograms placed Santacruzgnathus within a large polytomy at the base of Prozostrodontia. The cladogram from the third analysis is...

that was published in 2014. Weakly supported nodes are collapsed to form polytomies. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support is > 75%, except where indicated...

understanding of the evolutionary relationship between modern birds due to this polytomy at the base of the Neonaves, is the focus of later research in which Penny...

Jackman TR, Branch WR, Mouton PLFN (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

as a member of the Proterochampsidae clade within Proterochampsia, in a polytomy with Tropidosuchus, Cerritosaurus, Gualosuchus, and Proterochampsa spp...

included in several phylogenetic analyses, but it most frequently comes up in polytomy with other fossil Caiman species. Below is the phylogenetic analysis conducted...

phylogenetic analysis, Serrano-Brañas et al. (2025) recovered Mexidracon in a polytomy with several other genera within the ornithomimosaur family Ornithomimidae...

consistently placed as the basalmost member of Prismatoolithidae, or in a polytomy with other non-avian theropods and birds. Prismatoolithids were previously...

(2007) for their cladistic analysis. The analysis placed Wakiewakie in a polytomy with Potoroinae and Macropodidae. Two phylogenetic analyses based on two...

sister taxon to Eurypoda (ankylosaurs + stegosaurs) or in an unresolved polytomy with these clades and Yuxisaurus. The authors argued that Parankylosauria...

(average result of most parsimonious trees), Nhandumirim is part of a broad polytomy at the base of Saurischia, along with several traditional basal theropods...

edwardsorum, Silvisaurus condrayi, and Pawpawsaurus campbelli form a basal polytomy nested deep to Cedarpelta." Alternatively, Pawpawsaurus has been identified...

phylogenetic analysis to determine its relationships. This resulted in a large polytomy, failing to derive a clear position for the genus. It could only be concluded...

common ancestor). All other species of Lophiaspis are listed on the same polytomy (or clade) as other lophiodonts within the cladogram. Paralophiodon and...

the exact relationships of Padillasaurus with other genera, finding a polytomy among basal forms including Padillasaurus, Abydosaurus, Brachiosaurus and...

determined more specifically; in a phylogenetic analysis it emerged in a soft polytomy alongside the genera Aralosaurus, Canardia, Jaxartosaurus, Tsintaosaurus...

because of its microstructure. Cladistic analysis found Sankofa to be in a polytomy with Protoceratopsidovum, Troodon eggs, and birds. The mosaic of avian...

Turfanosuchus and the Revueltosaurus+Aetosauria clade to nest in a large polytomy with Ticinosuchus+Paracrocodylomorpha. The cladogram below follows Nesbitt...

analyses, it was found to be more basal in the Hadrosauriformes, in a polytomy with related forms including the British Barilium, Hypselospinus, Iguanodon...

more derived than Martensius is poorly resolved. Alierasaurus forms a polytomy with Angelosaurus romeri and the three species of Cotylorhynchus. In the...

R.; Branch, W.R.; Mouton, P.le F.N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

colleagues extended their 2018 phylogenetic analysis and found an unresolved polytomy of Savannasaurus, Baotianmansaurus, Dongyanosaurus, and a clade of more...

with Archosauriformes. However, it recovered Eorasaurus in an unresolved polytomy with Koilamasuchus, Fugusuchus, erythrosuchids and a clade composed of...

three species of Broiliellus did not form their own clade, but rather a polytomy (unresolved evolutionary relationship) with Dissorophus. Holmes et al....

and Butler, Jupijkam was recovered as a parasuchid phytosaur in a large polytomy alongside Colossosuchus, Angistorhinus, the clade formed by Volcanosuchus...

Chenanisaurus was placed near the base of the family Abelisauridae in a polytomy with Kryptops. While the known fossil material of Chenanisaurus is similar...

Phascolarctidae and Vombatomorphia. However, under maximum parsimony, it formed a polytomy with Cercartetus lepidus, Thylacoleonidae, and the aforementioned group...

Elachistosuchus was recovered as the sister taxon of Choristodera, or in a polytomy with it. The two were recovered either as the basalmost archosauromorphs...

Neosuchia. Following the matrix of Ruiz, another polytomy was recovered, however in this instance the polytomy includes several more basal Eusuchian taxa such...

Silesauridae ceased being a natural group, with all silesaurids collapsing into a polytomy with ornithischians and sauropodomorphs, but when those problematic taxa...

colleagues, in 2023, recovered Amargatitanis as an advanced dicraeosaurid in polytomy with Pilmatueia and a group containing Brachytrachelopan, Dicraeosaurus...

the aquatic Tangasauridae, and the terrestrial Younginidae (in partial polytomy with Tangasauridae). More resolved results were obtained by Robert R. Reisz...

accompanied the description, the authors remarked that the two species form a polytomy with one another within Caenagnathidae and they may not represent the same...

Erpetosuchidae within Archosauria was uncertain. Erpetosuchidae formed a polytomy or unresolved evolutionary relationship with several other archosaur groups...

stellatum and L. ucamara are hypothesized to form a partially unresolved polytomy with L. pectorale and L. beni, which are sister-species to each other....

basal member of the archosauriform clade Eucrocopoda, in an unresolved polytomy with Dorosuchus, Euparkeriidae, Phytosauria, and Archosauria. Their results...

Jackman TR, Branch WR, Mouton PLFN (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

was recovered as more advanced than Probactrosaurus, in an unresolved polytomy with Jintasaurus, Protohadros, Nanyangosaurus, Shuangmiaosaurus, Levnesovia...

monophyletic clade Moradisaurinae. Within the latter, Tramuntanasaurus formed a polytomy with Kahneria, Labidosaurikos and the most derived group of moradisaurines...

rauisuchians (Saurosuchus, Batrachotomus, Prestosuchus); or being in a polytomy with Ornithosuchus and rauisuchians. In both cases, it was more basal than...

resurrected: Stanley, Edward L.; et al. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

phylogeny indicated that Limacus and Limax form sister clades (forming a polytomy together with Turcomilax), so both treatments are equally valid. Formerly...

shown are paraphyletic with respect to the sphaeronitids, and are in a polytomy with the representative of the paracrinoids and a complex clade. This complex...

placed Kuttysuchus at the base of Paratypothoracini, in this scenario in a polytomy with Kocurypelta. Here too the contemporary Venkatasuchus was found to...

Centrosaurinae, as a sister species to Sinoceratops. Their clade formed a "comb" or polytomy with Albertaceratops, another centrosaurine from the same formation, and...

include Prolacertoides found that it was an archosauromorph forming a polytomy with Allokotosauria, Tanystropheidae, and Jesairosaurus. In more precise...

with it resulting in a clade with it and Mesoclupea falling within a polytomy with Occithrissops and being overall placed closer to Jurassic members...

Chinese paleontologist Jiang Shunxing and colleagues found Mimodactylus in a polytomy (a group that is unresolved due to having more than two branches) with...

have all found Cedarpelta to be within Ankylosauridae, as either within a polytomy with Liaoningosaurus, Aletopelta, Chuanqilong, Gobisaurus and Shamosaurus...

the Mixosauridae. Thalattoarchon was recovered either in an unresolved polytomy with Besanosaurus, Californosaurus, Toretocnemus, and other merriamosaurs...

Ezcurra (2016), Polymorphodon was found to be an unstable eucrocopodan in a polytomy with euparkeriids, Proterochampsia, archosaurs, and various other taxa...

unstable "proterosuchian"-grade taxa which formed a polytomy at the base of Archosauriformes. This polytomy was resolved only after the removal of Eorasaurus...

cotylalveus, A. weltoni, and A. polydentatus. These three taxa form a polytomy with Chonecetus, where the relationships of the four taxa cannot be more...

Moraes–Santos (2021), recovering similar results with the exception of a polytomy within Metaxytherium, similar to that recovered by Sorbi et al. (2021)...

Styracosterna more derived than Camptosaurus, Uteodon and Cumnoria, in a polytomy with or slightly more primitive than Hippodraco. The results of the analysis...

Arbour & Currie (2015) recovered Chuanqilong as either being within a polytomy with other basal ankylosaurids or as sister taxon to Cedarpelta, a position...

& Tumanova (2016), while Wiersma & Irmis (2018) recovered it within a polytomy with Tarchia kielanae and Shanxia. A limited phylogenetic analysis conducted...

species from the Antarctic Peninsula and South America. This clade forms a polytomy, consisting of three branches. This is summarised in the cladogram at the...

relationship to other members of the group remains unresolved, forming a polytomy with the other eomysticetid genera Yamatocetus and Micromysticetus. Echericetus...

proterosuchids. The 2016 description of Teyujagua placed Koilamasuchus in a polytomy with Fugusuchus and all other non-proterosuchid archosauriforms. A 2016...

has not been accepted. Qin et al. (2019) recovered Ceratonykus within a polytomy with Linhenykus, Shuvuuia, Mononykus and Parvicursor, a position also recovered...

parsimonious trees) was poorly resolved, with practically all silesaurids in a polytomy along with ornithischians and sauropodomorphs. The adams consensus tree...

Gorgonophontes and the Tyrannophontes+Unipeltata clade to form an unresolved polytomy. However, they acknowledge this result may have been due to the lack of...

In a phylogenetic analysis, Xu and colleagues found Jianianhualong in a polytomy with Sinusonasus and several other intermediate troodontids. For their...

of Yulong. The obtained topology was resolved, with the exception of a polytomy between the "Ingeniinae", Oviraptor, and the rest of the Oviraptorinae...

Ultrastenos did maintain its placement within the group, but was recovered in a polytomy alongside the various species of Mekosuchus, with Trilophosuchus being...

Panoplosaurus was resolved next to Edmontonia, deep within an unresolved polytomy of all nodosaurids more derived than Animantarx, which included Niobrarasaurus...

of Caimaninae nested within a large polytomy with most extant non-paleosuchus caimans and Purussaurus. This polytomy was a direct result of the inclusion...

that Hudiesaurus was a member of the Mamenchisauridae, in an unresolved polytomy with two Mamenchisaurus species (M. youngi and an assigned specimen of...

containing Neochoristodera + the newly named "Allochoristoderes", and in a polytomy with the newly named Heishanosaurus: Matsumoto, Ryoko; Dong, Liping; Wang...

Dongnanosuchus as having been deeply nested within Orientalosuchina, sitting in a polytomy alongside Orientalosuchus itself and the clade formed by Jiangxisuchus...

Skutschas et al. (2014) recovered it as a basal member of Alligatoridae in a polytomy alongside Allognathosuchus, Hassiacosuchus, Navajosuchus and the Maoming...

the paper recovered all members of the newly revised Itasuchidae in a polytomy, Pinheiro and colleagues mentioned that it would be possible to sink all...

the two taxa were synonymous. He found that Astrophocaudia belonged in a polytomy at the base of Somphospondyli outside of Titanosauria. An abbreviated version...

Pepesuchus and Roxochampsa. In this work all four taxa were recovered in a polytomy, leading to a brief discussion of whether or not all four taxa should be...

another of their analyses instead finding the genus to nest in a large polytomy. Several characteristics of Sobrarbesiren have initially been used to suggest...

their phylogenetic analysis recovered Noteosuchus and Mesosuchus in a polytomy with Howesia browni, a result which is inconsistent with such synonymy...

taxon. The resultant cladogram placed N. rhombicaulis in an unresolved polytomy at the base of the Montanae/Nobiles clade, together with N. benstonei....

and Gutstein conducted a preliminary cladistic analysis which ended in a polytomy within Nemegtosaurus, Rapetosaurus, Titanosaurus and the Saltasauridae...

titanosaurs. Initially, Triunfosaurus was found to be in a rather basal polytomy along with Mendozasaurus; this basal position is supported by the tail...

early diverging position within Dyrosauridae, specifically in a basal polytomy alongside Chenanisuchus. A position within Neosuchia, though not always...

is a combination of the three MPTs which reduces contested areas into a polytomy in order to not disagree with any particular MPT: The hind legs of the...

Eilenosaurus) and Sphenodontinae (Sphenodon, Cynosphenodon), in an unresolved polytomy with the genus Opisthias and this subfamilies, within the family Sphenodontidae...

20,000 most parsimonious phylogenetic trees recovered, Makhaira forms a polytomy with Pliosaurus species, instead of forming a clade with other brachauchenines;...

R.; Branch, W.R.; Mouton, P.le F.N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)"...

consensus tree recovered Qiupanykus at the base of Parvicursorinae in a polytomy with Albertonykus, Linhenykus, Xixianykus, the specimen YPM 1049 ("Ornithomimus...

similar positions for Eichstaettisaurus. However, the former contained a polytomy since the relationship between Iguania, Pedrerasaurus, a group containing...

among the various Candelariella and Candelaria lineages in an unresolved polytomy.⁠ The authors therefore recommended a conservative taxonomy that recognises...

analyses Galechirus tended to fall outside Chainosauria altogether in a polytomy with it and Venyukovioidea (such as in the left cladogram below). Furthermore...