Pimplinae

Pimplinae
	Apechthis rufata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Ichneumonidae
Subfamily:	Pimplinae; Wesmael, 1845

Pimplinae are a worldwide subfamily of the parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Pimplinae are parasitoids of Holometabola, often the pupae of Lepidoptera. Various species parasitize the egg sacs and adults of spiders.^[4] Those species that parasitize eggs are ectoparasitic idiobionts. Females perforate the silk of the egg sacs and lay their egg(s) directly onto the surface of the eggs within them. After hatching, the parasitoid larvae feed externally on the eggs and kill most of the eggs in the process.^[5]

Pimplinae are generally sturdy black insects with orange markings. The first tergite is box-like with the spiracle anterior to the middle.^{[citation needed]}

List of genera

There are 72 genera of Pimplinae listed below.

Tribe Delomeristini Hellén, 1915

Atractogaster Kriechbaumer, 1872
Delomerista Förster, 1868
Perithous Holmgren, 1859
Pseudorhyssa Merrill, 1915 ^[6]

Tribe Ephialtini Hellén, 1915

Pseudopimpla genus-group

Pseudopimpla Habermehl, 1917

Alophosternum genus-group

Alophosternum Cushman, 1933
Pachymelos Baltazar, 1961

Camptotypus genus-group

Camptotypus Kriechbaumer, 1889
Clydonium Townes, 1966
Hemipimpla Saussure, 1892
Odontopimpla Cameron, 1886
Parvipimpla Gauld, 1984
Zonopimpla Ashmead, 1900

Ephialtes genus-group

Afrephialtes Benoit, 1963
Anastelgis Townes, 1960
Calliephialtes Ashmead, 1900
Dolichomitus Smith, 1877
Endromopoda Hellén, 1939
Ephialtes Gravenhorst, 1829
Exeristes Förster, 1869
Exestuberis Wang & Yue, 1995
Flavopimpla Betrem, 1932
Fredegunda Fitton, Shaw & Gauld, 1988
Leptopimpla Townes, 1961
Liotryphon Ashmead, 1900
Paraperithous Haupt, 1954
Pimplaetus Seyrig, 1932
Scambus Hartig, 1838
Townesia Ozols, 1962
Umanella Gauld, 1991
Xanthephialtes Cameron, 1906
Xanthophenax Saussure, 1892

Polysphincta genus-group

Acrodactyla Haliday, 1838
Acropimpla Townes, 1960
Acrotaphus Townes, 1960
Afrosphincta Benoit, 1953
Aravenator Momoi, 1973
Dreisbachia Townes, 1962
Eriostethus Morley, 1914
Eruga Townes & Townes, 1960
Flacopimpla Gauld, 1991
Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912
Oxyrrhexis Förster, 1868
Piogaster Perkins, 1958
Polysphincta Gravenhorst, 1829
Pterinopus Townes, 1969
Reclinervellus He & Ye, 1998
Schizopyga Gravenhorst, 1829
Sericopimpla Kriechbaumer, 1895
Sinarachna Townes, 1960
Ticapimpla Gauld, 1991
Zabrachypus Cushman, 1920
Zatypota Förster, 1869

Tromatobia genus-group

Clistopyga Gravenhorst, 1829
Gregopimpla Momoi, 1965
Iseropus Förster, 1868
Tromatobia Förster, 1869
Zaglyptus Förster, 1869

Tribe Pimplini Wesmael, 1845

Alophopimpla Momoi, 1966
Apechthis Förster, 1868
Echthromorpha Holmgren, 1868
Itoplectis Förster, 1869
Lissopimpla Kriechbaumer, 1889
†Parapimpla Théobald, 1937
Pimpla Fabricius, 1804
Strongylopsis Brauns, 1896
Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892

Tribe Theroniini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920

Augerella Gupta, 1962
Epitheronia Gupta, 1962
Neotheronia Krieger, 1899
Nomosphecia Gupta, 1962
Parema Gupta, 1962
Theronia Holmgren, 1859

Gallery

Brachyzapus nikkoensis depositing egg on a spider
Zatypota albicoxa depositing egg on a spider
Pimpla rufipes
Dolichomitus sp.
Scambus buolianae
Exeristes roborator

References

^ Oehlke, J. (1967). "Westpaläarktische Ichneumonidae 1, Ephialtinae". Hymenopterorum Catalogus (new edition). 2: 1–49.
^ Townes, Henry K. (1969). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1 (Ephialtinae (Pimplinae), Tryphoninae, Labiinae, Adelognathinae, Xoridinae, Agriotypinae)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 11: 1–300.
^ Broad, Gavin (2006). "Identification key to the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae" (PDF). London: Natural History Museum. pp. 1–38.
^ Takasuka, Keizo; Fritzén, Niclas R.; Tanaka, Yoshihiro; Matsumoto, Rikio; Maeto, Kaoru; Shaw, Mark R. (2018). "The changing use of the ovipositor in host shifts by ichneumonid ectoparasitoids of spiders (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae)". Parasite. 25: 17. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018011. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 5873220. PMID 29589827.
^ Fei, Minghui; Gols, Rieta; Harvey, Jeffrey A. (2023-01-23). "The Biology and Ecology of Parasitoid Wasps of Predatory Arthropods". Annual Review of Entomology. 68 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-111607. hdl:20.500.11755/8f020f3d-b12d-4d23-8c07-eae6302721b8. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 36198401. S2CID 252736581.
^ Klopfstein, Seraina; Langille, Barbara; Spasojevic, Tamara; Broad, Gavin R.; Cooper, J. B.; Austin, Andrew D.; Niehuis, Oliver (2018). "Hybrid capture data unravel a rapid radiation of pimpliform parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimpliformes)". Systematic Entomology. 44 (2): 361–383. doi:10.1111/syen.12333. hdl:10141/622806.