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The Pearl Index, also called the Pearl rate, is the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a birth control method. It is a very approximate measure of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure that is simple to calculate, but has a number of methodological deficiencies.

The index was introduced by Raymond Pearl in 1934.^[1] It has remained popular for over eighty years, in large part because of the simplicity of the calculation.

Calculation

Several kinds of information are needed to calculate a Pearl Index for a particular study:

the total number of months or cycles of exposure by women in the study
the number of pregnancies
the reason for leaving the study (pregnancy or other reason)
the number of children in a single pregnancy (twins or triplets can affect the final number)

There are two calculation methods for determining the Pearl Index:

in the first method, the relative number of pregnancies in the study is divided by the number of months of exposure, and then multiplied by 1200
in the second method, the number of pregnancies in the study is divided by the number of menstrual cycles experienced by women in the study, and then multiplied by 1300. 1300 instead of 1200 is used on the basis that the length of the average menstrual cycle is 28 days, or 13 cycles per year

Usage

The Pearl Index is sometimes used as a statistical estimation of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure (e.g. 100 women over one year of use, or 10 women over 10 years). It is also sometimes used to compare birth control methods, a lower Pearl index representing a lower chance of getting unintentionally pregnant.^[2]

Usually two Pearl Indexes are published from studies of birth control methods:^[3]

the actual use Pearl Index, which includes all pregnancies in a study and all months (or cycles) of exposure
the perfect use or method Pearl Index, which includes only pregnancies that resulted from correct and consistent use of the method, and only includes months or cycles in which the method was correctly and consistently used

Criticisms

Like all measures of birth control effectiveness, the Pearl Index is a calculation based on the observations of a given sample population. Thus, studies of different populations using the same contraceptive will yield different values for the index. The culture and demographics of the population being studied, and the instruction technique used to teach the method, have significant effects on its failure rate.^[4]^[5]

The Pearl Index has unique shortcomings, however. It assumes a constant failure rate over time. That is an incorrect assumption for two reasons: first, the most fertile couples will get pregnant first. Couples remaining later in the study are, on average, of lower fertility. Second, most birth control methods have better effectiveness in more experienced users. The longer a couple is in the study, the better they are at using the method. So the longer the study length, the lower the Pearl Index will be – and comparisons of Pearl Indexes from studies of different lengths cannot be accurate.^[6]

The Pearl Index also provides no information on factors other than accidental pregnancy which may influence effectiveness calculations, such as:

dissatisfaction with the method
trying to achieve pregnancy
medical side effects
being lost to follow-up

A common misperception is that the highest possible Pearl Index is 100 – i.e. 100% of women in the study conceive in the first year. However, if all the women in the study conceived in the first month, the study would yield a Pearl Index of 1200 or 1300. The Pearl Index is only accurate as a statistical estimation of per-year risk of pregnancy if the pregnancy rate in the study was very low.

In 1966, two birth control statisticians advocated abandonment of the Pearl Index:^[7]^[8]

[The Pearl Index] does not serve as an estimator of any quantity of interest, and comparisons between groups may be impossible to interpret... The superiority of life table methods or other estimators that do not assume a constant hazard rate seems clear.^[9]

Footnotes

^ Pearl, Raymond (1933). "Factors in human fertility and their statistical evaluation". Lancet. 222 (5741): 607–611. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)18648-4.
^ "Birth control failure rates - the Pearl Index explained". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
^ "Muvs - Der Pearl-Index". muvs.org. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
^ Trussell J, Hatcher RA, Cates W, et al. (1990). "A guide to interpreting contraceptive efficacy studies". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 76 (3 Pt 2): 558–567. PMID 2199875.
^ Trussell J (1991). "Methodological pitfalls in the analysis of contraceptive failure". Statistics in Medicine. 10 (2): 201–220. doi:10.1002/sim.4780100206. PMID 2052800.
^ Burkman, RONALD T.; Dardano, KRISTIN L. (2004-01-01), Legato, Marianne J. (ed.), "82 - Use of Oral Contraceptives for Contraception", Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 889–898, doi:10.1016/b978-012440905-7/50354-6, ISBN 978-0-12-440905-7, retrieved 2023-12-19
^ Sheps MC (1966). "Characteristics of a ratio used to estimate failure rates: occurrences per person year of exposure". Biometrics. 22 (2). Biometrics, Vol. 22, No. 2: 310–321. doi:10.2307/2528521. JSTOR 2528521. PMID 5961447.
^ Potter RG (1966). "Application of life table techniques to measurement of contraceptive effectiveness". Demography. 3 (2). Demography, Vol. 3, No. 2: 297–304. doi:10.2307/2060159. JSTOR 2060159. PMID 21318704. S2CID 29307911.
^ Kippley, John; Sheila Kippley (1996). The Art of Natural Family Planning (4th addition ed.). Cincinnati, OH: The Couple to Couple League. pp. 140–141. ISBN 0-926412-13-2.