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Pathfinder International
	A Global Leader in Sexual and Reproductive Health
Formation	1957
Type	INGO
Legal status	Foundation
Purpose	Sexual and reproductive health and rights, Humanitarian
Region served	Africa, South Asia
CEO	Lois Quam
President, South Asia, Middle East, and North Africa	Tabinda Sarosh
Board Chair	Collin Mothupi
Budget	$130 million
Staff	1,271 people worldwide
Website	www.pathfinder.org

Pathfinder International is a global non-profit organization that focuses on sexual and reproductive health and rights, including reproductive health, family planning, HIV/AIDS prevention and care, and maternal and newborn health. The organization operates in more than 15 low- and middle-income countries in Africa and South Asia. Its website states: "Pathfinder is driven by the conviction that all people, regardless of where they live, have the right to decide whether and when to have children, to exist free from fear and stigma, and to lead the lives they choose."^[1]

History

Pathfinder International originally was incorporated as The Pathfinder Fund in 1957. Its family planning work began in the late 1920s when its founder Clarence Gamble, heir of the Procter & Gamble soap company fortune, supported efforts to introduce contraception to women and couples in the United States and 60 other countries. In addition to his eugenicist work, he worked toward easy access to contraception in minority communities. He also launched the first community-based service model, which is still the foundation of Pathfinder's operations.^{[citation needed]}

Sarah Gamble, Clarence Gamble's wife, named the organization in honour of a quote by the poet Antonio Machado: "Traveler, there is no path, paths are made by walking."

Pathfinder surpassed revenue of US$100 million for the first time in the 2010 fiscal year.^[2] In 2011, Pathfinder announced the retirement of Daniel E. Pellegrom, the longest-serving president of a global reproductive health organization in history after becoming CEO of Pathfinder International in 1985. In 2012, Purnima Mane joined Pathfinder as president and CEO after serving as deputy director of United Nations Population Fund.^[3]

Lois Quam, named three times to Fortune magazine's list of the most influential women leaders in business, became Pathfinder's president and CEO in 2017. She was chief operating officer of The Nature Conservancy and a senior advisor to Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign. She was selected by President Barack Obama to head his signature Global Health Initiative at the Department of State,^[4] which provided more than $8 billion annually to help solve major health challenges facing millions of individuals across 80 countries. In 2022, Dr. Tabinda Sarosh was named president of South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Pathfinder was one of several nonprofits mentioned in the book Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, published in September 2009.

Activities

Pathfinder International works with many organizations, ranging from national ministries of health to local NGOs, to deliver reproductive health, family planning information, and services to women, young adults, and rural populations. Pathfinder's programs also integrate HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment activities. The group has worked with UN Women, the UNFPA, the World Bank, and several other partners to organize different programs and projects.^[5]

Pathfinder's programs in more than 15 countries in Africa and South Asia expand access to modern contraception and comprehensive abortion care as well as improve adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health, fostering gender equality and resilience.^[6]

Locations^[7]

Africa

Burkina Faso
Burundi
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of Congo
Egypt
Ethiopia
Kenya
Mozambique
Niger
Nigeria
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda

Asia and Pacific

Bangladesh
India
Jordan
Pakistan

Funding

A little over half of the group's $130 million in funding came from the United States Agency for International Development in fiscal year 2019.^[8] In addition, the organization receives funding from multilateral organizations, private foundations, and individuals. As part of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, U.S. government support for AIDS prevention was contingent on opposing prostitution starting in 2003.^[9] Pathfinder preferred to remain neutral so as not to alienate sex workers from its anti-HIV efforts, so it sued in federal court with other non-profit organizations.^[10] In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the requirement violated the First Amendment's prohibition against compelled speech in Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc.^[11] In early 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court returned with another ruling in favour of the Alliance for Open Society International. The latest decision affirmed a 2013 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which found that the government cannot tell its American grantees what they can and cannot say.^[12]

Criticism

Like many older birth control organizations,^{[citation needed]} Pathfinder initially overlapped with the eugenics movement. The founder, Clarence Gamble, was a member of the Human Betterment League of North Carolina and advocated the forced sterilization of mental patients.^[13]

During the 1970s, the organization was accused of distributing unsafe contraceptives. Specifically, Pathfinder continued to distribute the Dalkon Shield internationally after it had been withdrawn from the U.S. market due to high infection rates and used Depo-Provera when it was considered experimental before FDA approval.^[14]

In 2022, Pathfinder started a process of reckoning with its history and has donated its archives to Harvard University, where researchers can freely access them.

References

^ "Who We Are". Pathfinder International. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
^ "Pathfinder International: Accredited Charity". Wise Giving Alliance. Better Business Bureau. July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
^ "Pathfinder President". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
^ "Lois Quam to Lead U.S. Global Health Initiative". POZ. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
^ "Our Partners". Pathfinder International. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
^ "How We Work". Pathfinder International. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
^ "Where We Work". Pathfinder International. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
^ "Annual Report 2017". Pathfinder International Annual Report 2017. Pathfinder. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ Liptak, Adam (20 June 2013). "Justices Say U.S. Cannot Impose Antiprostitution Condition on AIDS Grants". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
^ Mientka, Matthew (22 April 2013). "US Supreme Court Divides On Free Speech Rights Of Health Groups". Medical Daily. International Business Times. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
^ Roberts, John (20 June 2013). "AGENCY FOR INT'L DEVELOPMENT v. ALLIANCE FOR OPEN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL, INC., et al". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
^ Sebastian Krueger (24 February 2015). "A Striking Defeat for U.S. Government's Anti-Prostitution Pledge". Open Society Foundations. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
^ Begos, Kevin (18 May 2011). "The American eugenics movement after World War II". Indy Week. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
^ Miller, James A. (September–October 1996). "Money for mischief: USAID and Pathfinder tag-team women in the developing world". PRI Review. Population Research Institute. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- Ehrenreich, Barbara; Minkin, Stephen; Dowie, Mark (November–December 1979). "The Charge: Gynocide". Mother Jones. Retrieved 19 July 2013.