Panaeolus papilionaceus

*Panaeolus papilionaceus*
Mycological characteristics
Panaeolus papilionaceus Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is convex
	Hymenium is adnexed
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is black
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is inedible

Panaeolus papilionaceus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Bolbitiaceae
Genus:	Panaeolus
Species:	P. papilionaceus
Binomial name
	Panaeolus papilionaceus; (Bull. ex Fries) Quélet
Synonyms
	Agaricus calosus; Agaricus campanulatus; Agaricus papilionaceus; Galerula campanulata; Panaeolus campanulatus; Panaeolus retirugis; Panaeolus sphinctrinus

Panaeolus papilionaceus, also known as Agaricus calosus, Panaeolus campanulatus, Panaeolus retirugis,^[1] and Panaeolus sphinctrinus,^[1] and commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom that feeds on dung.

This mushroom is the type species for the genus Panaeolus.

Description

Cap: 1–5 cm across, obtusely conic, grayish brown,^[1] not hygrophanous, becoming campanulate in age, margin adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge,^[1] flesh thin.
Gills: adnate to adnexed close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges.
Spores: 12–18 x 7–10 μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore, spore print black.
Stipe: 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle,^[1] fibrous, and pruinose.
Odor: Mild.
Taste: Unappetizing.
Microscopic features: Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.

Habitat and formation

Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including^[2] Canada (Alberta,^[3] British Columbia), the United States (Alabama, Alaska, California,^[3] Colorado, Florida, Georgia,^[3] Indiana,^[3] Louisiana,^[3] Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana,^[3] New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas,^[3] Washington^[3]), the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, San Vincent Island), Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, Greece, Mexico,^[3] Norway, Slovenia,^[3] South Africa, Uganda, China, Iran, Lithuania, Kuwait, and the Philippines.

Edibility

Panaeolus papilionaceus is inedible,^[4] and is neither choice in flavor nor substantial in mass. While similar looking species, such as Psilocybe mexicana, do contain psilocybin, Panaeolus papilionaceus does not.^[5]

Gallery

Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
^ Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Panaeolus papilionaceus The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]
^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
^ Allen, John W. (2013). Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. pp. 130–175. ISBN 978-158-214-396-5.