Oskar Fischer

For people with the same name, see Oskar Fischer (disambiguation).

Oskar Fischer
Portrait c. 1930s
Born12 April 1876
Slaný, Bohemia
Died28 February 1942(1942-02-28) (aged 65)
Terezin, Czechoslovakia
NationalityCzech
Alma mater
Medical career
ProfessionDoctor
Field
InstitutionsGerman University in Prague
Research
  • Dementia
  • Alzheimer disease

Oskar Fischer (12 April 1876 – 28 February 1942) was a Czech academic, psychiatrist and neuropathologist whose studies on dementia and Alzheimer's disease were rediscovered in 2008.

Early life and education

Fischer was born into a German-speaking Jewish family in Slaný in central Bohemia, 25 km northwest of Prague, on 12 April 1876.[1][2][3] His father was the manager of an agricultural estate there. He completed primary and secondary education in Slaný. Then he attended the medical schools of both Prague University and Strasbourg University, and graduated from Prague University in 1900.[1]

Career

Fischer began his career at the department of pathological anatomy of German University in 1900. Next, he joined the department of psychiatry of the same university in 1902, and worked there until 1919.[1] Fischer served as a physician-in-chief at the division of neurology and psychiatry of the second garrison hospital in Prague during World War I, and treated many soldiers who had experienced mental difficulties while fighting on the Eastern Front. After challenging and criticising German medical doctor Halbhuber, his chief at the division, Fischer was transferred to barracks hospital in Pardubice in eastern Bohemia and served there until the end of the war.[1] In Pardubice, he met Franziska, his prospective wife, working as a voluntary nurse with the Red Cross. Later, they had two children, the twins Lotte and Heinz.[1] Fischer left his tenure at the German University in 1939 and opened a private office for neurology and psychiatry in Prague where he worked until 1941.[1]

Studies on Alzheimer's disease

Fischer was a member of the Prague neuropathological school headed by Arnold Pick during his studies in German University.[4] This school was one of the two neuropathological schools (the other one was in Munich headed by Emil Kraepelin where Alois Alzheimer worked) framed Alzheimer's disease through empirical discoveries.[5] In fact, these schools were rivals, leading to the designation of the disease as "Alzheimer's disease"[6] in the Emil Kraepelin's book entitled Psychiatry (1910).[7] Because the inclusion of this disease with Alzheimer's name in the book made the Munich school superior over the Prague school.[8][9]

Fischer supposedly (like Alois Alzheimer) employed new staining and autopsy results, and described "senile plaques" that are still accepted as the characteristic of the disease in addition to "neurofibrillary tangles" discovered by Alzheimer.[5] Both Fischer and Alzheimer argued that senile plaques may be formed by microorganisms.[10] In June 1907, based on the reports of Beljahow that had been later affirmed by Redlich and Leri Fischer argued that 'miliary necrosis' should be regarded as a marker of senile dementia.[11] Then he published an article in 1907, reporting histopathological findings on senile dementia collected from a sample of 16 postmortem brains from elderly subjects.[12] The report described the brain changes at tissual and cellular levels.[8] He developed a comprehensive structural analysis about the changes involving amyloid aggregates observed in the samples.[13] He named these lesions as "Sphaerotrichia cerebri multiplex" and used this term in his subsequent articles published in 1910 and 1912. The samples of his studies included 58 positive cases out of total 275 cases.[13] Fischer's disease (Sphaerotrichia cerebri multiplex) was mainly characterized clinically by presbyophrenia [14] and pathologically by neuritic plaques.[15] Ultimately, both Alzheimer and Fischer agreed on the uniqueness of a new clinicopathological condition, regardless of the age of onset.[15] This condition encompassed a portion of Kraepelin's senile dementia. However, they disagreed on both the clinical and pathological features, especially on the relative significance of neurofibrillary tangles versus neuritic plaques.[15]

Rediscovery of his studies on Alzheimer's disease

Although Fischer extensively studied and made significant contributions to the identification and description of Alzheimer's disease, his contributions were remained unknown for a long time and recognised through the studies carried out in the historical archives in Prague.[16] On the other hand, although N. C. Berchtold and C. W. Cotman of the University of California at Irvine College of Medicine reported Fischer's research on the disease and the competition between the two medical schools in 1998,[6] Fischer's studies did not become locus of interest until 2008. Michel Goedert of the MRC laboratory of molecular biology at Cambridge University uncovered Fischer's significance after his study in the archives of Charles University in Prague in 2008. He also interviewed Fischer's relatives and Czech researchers studying on the disease.[16] Pavel Kalvach of the Charles University of Prague pointed out in 2009 that Fischer made arguably even much more important contributions than Alois Alzheimer to the description of the disease.[16][17] The reasons for neglecting Fischer's contributions included the nationalist tensions and the anti-Semitic approach of his period[16] as well as the academic competition between the Prague and Munich neuropathology schools.[9]

Arrest by Gestapo and death

Nearly three years after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Fischer was arrested by the Gestapo in 1941. He was detained in small fortress in Terezin (Theresienstadt) in northwestern Bohemia, which was set up near Prague.[18] He died at the age of 65 in the camp on 28 February 1942 after being beaten to death.[1][19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Michel Goedert (2009). "Oskar Fischer and the study of dementia" (Occasional Papers). Brain. 132 (4): 1102–1111. doi:10.1093/brain/awn256. PMC 2668940. PMID 18952676.
  2. ^ "Prague: What Say You, Alois—Should It Be "Alzheimer-Fischer" Disease?". Alzheimer Forum. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  3. ^ "Rewriting the Book on Alzheimer's Disease: Alumni Magazine Summer 2018". College of Medicine. Summer 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  4. ^ Philip C. Wong; et al. (2011). "Neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease". In Scott T. Brady; et al. (eds.). Basic Neurochemistry: Principles of Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Neurobiology. Waltham, MA: Academic Press. p. 828. ISBN 978-0-08-095901-6.
  5. ^ a b Annemarie Goldstein Jutel (2011). Putting a Name to It: Diagnosis in Contemporary Society. Baltimore, MD: The JHU Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4214-0067-9.
  6. ^ a b N. C. Berchtold; C. W. Cotman (May–June 1998). "Evolution in the Conceptualization of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: Greco-Roman Period to the 1960s". Neurobiology of Aging. 19 (3): 173–189. doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992. S2CID 24808582.
  7. ^ N. Zilka; M. Novak (2006). "The tangled story of Alois Alzheimer". Bratisl Lek Listy. 107 (9–10): 343–345. PMID 17262985.
  8. ^ a b H.-J. Möller; M. B. Graeber (1998). "The case described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 248 (3): 111–122. doi:10.1007/s004060050027. PMID 9728729. S2CID 22834261.
  9. ^ a b Matthias M. Weber (1997). "Aloys Alzheimer, a Coworker of Emil Kraepelin". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 31 (6): 635–645. doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(97)00035-6. PMID 9447568.
  10. ^ Judith Miklossy (2011). "Alzheimer's disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria". Journal of Neuroinflammation. 8 (90): 1–16. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-90. PMC 3171359. PMID 21816039.
  11. ^ "The markers of the new disease". Alzheimer ADNA. 23 June 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  12. ^ Karthikeyan Balakrishnan (2013). Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid oligomers, therapeutic agents, their targets, and mode of action (PhD thesis). Philipps-Universität Marburg.
  13. ^ a b Pavel Kalvach; Zdeněk Kalvach. "History of understanding dementia" (PDF). ICMHP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  14. ^ Berrios, G. E. (May 1986). "Presbyophrenia: the rise and fall of a concept". Psychological Medicine. 16 (2): 267–275. doi:10.1017/S0033291700009089. ISSN 1469-8978.
  15. ^ a b c Villain, Nicolas; Michalon, Robin (November 2024). "What is Alzheimer's disease? An analysis of nosological perspectives from the 20th and 21st centuries". European Journal of Neurology. 31 (11). doi:10.1111/ene.16302. ISSN 1351-5101. PMC 11464395. PMID 38618742.
  16. ^ a b c d "Remembering A Forgotten Co-discoverer of Alzheimer Disease". Medical News Today. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  17. ^ "Why the name Alzheimer's disease?". Fragen und antworten. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  18. ^ "Remembering a Forgotten Co-discoverer of Alzheimer Disease". Armenian Health Network. 13 April 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  19. ^ Vladimir VonDracek (1977). Lekar Dale Vzpomina. Prague: Avicenum. pp. 195–196.

Read other articles:

Cessna 150

Cessna 150 adalah pesawat penerbangan umum roda tiga sayap tinggi (high wing) dua kursi, yang dirancang untuk pelatihan penerbangan, tur dan penggunaan pribadi.[1] Cessna 150 adalah pesawat sipil keempat yang paling banyak diproduksi sebelumnya, dengan 23.839 pesawat dihasilkan.[2] Pesawat Cessna 150 yang ditawarkan untuk dijual di Model 150 dasar, Commuter, Commuter II, serta Patroller aerobatic Model Aerobat. Referensi ^ Plane and Pilot: 1978 Aircraft Directory, pages 22-23...

 

Fiat Palio

Fiat PalioInformasiProdusenFiatMasa produksi1996–2017 (hatchback)1997–2019 (wagon)Bodi & rangkaKelasSubkompakTata letakFront-engine, front-wheel-driveKronologiPendahuluFiat MillePenerusFiat Argo Fiat Palio adalah mobil supermini yang diproduksi oleh produsen Italia, Fiat dari tahun 1996 hingga 2017. Ini adalah mobil dunia, yang dikembangkan oleh Fiat Automóveis dan ditujukan untuk negara-negara berkembang. Ini telah diproduksi di berbagai negara di seluruh dunia, dan platformnya juga...

 

Transmisi (telekomunikasi)

Transmisi atau pemancaran (Inggris: transmissioncode: en is deprecated ) adalah sebuah pemancar telekomunikasi yang bertujuan untuk memancarkan sinyal Radio Frequency (RF) yang membawa sinyal informasi berupa gambar (Video) dan suara (Audio), sehingga dapat diterima oleh pesawat penerima (Receiver) TV di daerah yang tercakup oleh pemancar TV tersebut. Dalam rekayasa frekuensi radio , saluran transmisi adalah kabel khusus atau struktur lain yang dirancang untuk melakukan arus bolak-balik freku...

James Heilman

James HeilmanJames Heilman di Wikimania 2015 Anggota Dewan Pengawas Yayasan WikimediaMasa jabatan15 Juli 2015 – 28 Desember 2015Masa jabatan10 Agustus 2017 – petahana Informasi pribadiLahir1979/1980 (umur 43–44) Saskatchewan, KanadaPendidikanUniversity of British ColumbiaProfesiDokter James Heilman memperkenalkan diri recorded August 2017 Sunting kotak info • L • B James M. Heilman (lahir, 1979 atau 1980) adalah seorang dokter darurat Kanada,...

 

Palivere

Borough in Estonia Place in Lääne County, EstoniaPaliverePalivereCoordinates: 58°58′13″N 23°54′12″E / 58.97028°N 23.90333°E / 58.97028; 23.90333Country EstoniaCounty Lääne CountyParish Lääne-Nigula ParishTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) Palivere is a small borough (alevik) in Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County in western Estonia.[1] The number of inhabitants is 677 people. Former railway station Mass grave people killed in World War II References ^ NGA...

 

Terang Dunia

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang perkataan Yesus. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Terang Dunia (disambiguasi). Detail pada kaca bergambar yang menggambarkan Yesus: Akulah terang dunia, Bantry, Irlandia. Terang Dunia (Yunani: φώς τοῦ κόσμου Phṓs tou kósmou) adalah sebuah frase Yesus yang digunakan untuk menyebutkan dirinya sendiri dari para murid-Nya dalam Perjanjian Baru.[1] Frase tersebut tercatat dalam Injil Yohanes dan kembali dalam Injil Matius. Frase tersebut san...

Charles Turner (Australian cricketer)

Australian cricketer Not to be confused with the English cricketer born 11 March 1862 Charles Turner (English cricketer). Charles TurnerPersonal informationFull nameCharles Thomas Biass TurnerBorn(1862-11-16)16 November 1862Bathurst, New South Wales, AustraliaDied1 January 1944(1944-01-01) (aged 81)Manly, New South Wales, AustraliaNicknameTerrorHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm medium-fastRoleBowlerRelationsAE Goldman (brother-in-law)Internat...

 

Человек прямоходящий

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

Saint-Léger-la-Montagne

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Saint-Léger-la-Montagne.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiSaint-Léger-la-Montagne merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Haute-Vienne di Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Haute-Vienne Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Haute-Vienne Aixe-sur-Vienne Ambazac Arnac-la-Poste Augne Aureil Azat-l...

Шаблон:Мифология

МифологияРитуально-мифологическийкомплекс Система ценностей Сакральное Миф Мономиф Теория основного мифа Ритуал Обряд Праздник Жречество Мифологическое сознание Магическое мышление Низшая мифология Модель мира Цикличность Сотворение мира Мировое яйцо Мифическое �...

 

Heo Hwang-ok

Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Heo. Heo Hwang-okMakam Heo Hwang-ok di GimhaeNama KoreaHangul허황옥 Hanja許黃玉 Alih AksaraHeo Hwang-okMcCune–ReischauerHŏ Hwangok Heo Hwang-ok merupakan seorang puteri yang melakukan perjalanan dari kerajaan kuno Ayodhya (yang sekarang India) ke Korea.[1] Informasi mengenai dirinya seluruhnya berasal dari beberapa kisah singkat di dalam riwayat Korea Samguk Yusa abad ke-11. Menurut riwayat tersebut,[2] ia tiba dengan sebuah kapa...

 

斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇

斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇Слободан МилошевићSlobodan Milošević 南斯拉夫联盟共和国第3任总统任期1997年7月23日—2000年10月7日总理拉多耶·孔蒂奇莫米尔·布拉托维奇前任佐兰·利利奇（英语：Zoran Lilić）继任沃伊斯拉夫·科什图尼察第1任塞尔维亚总统任期1991年1月11日[注]—1997年7月23日总理德拉古京·泽莱诺维奇（英语：Dragutin Zelenović）拉多曼·博若维奇（英语：Radoman Bo...

Silicon-on-Insulator

Der englische Begriff Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI, deutsch »Silizium auf einem Isolator«) bezeichnet einen speziellen Isolierschicht-Feldeffekttransistor, bei dem eine dünne Siliziumschicht (SOI) durch eine isolierende Schicht (meist buried-oxide, BOX, dt. »vergrabenes Oxid«, genannt) vom Silizium-Substrat getrennt ist. Dieser Aufbau ermöglicht kürzere Schaltzeiten und geringere Leistungsaufnahmen, besonders bezüglich der Leckströme. Außerdem ergibt sich eine verringerte Empfindl...

 

Massif des Vosges

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Vosges. Massif des Vosges Carte topographique du massif des Vosges. Géographie Altitude 1 424 m, Grand Ballon[1] Superficie 5 500 – 6 000 km2 Administration Pays France Régions Grand EstBourgogne-Franche-Comté Départements Moselle, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Vosges, Bas-Rhin, Haut-RhinHaute-Saône, Territoire de Belfort Géologie Âge Rift rhénan et surélèvement depuis le Tertiaire ; roches apparentes principalement du Paléoz...

 

شبه الجزيرة الماليزية

شبه الجزيرة الماليزيةمعلومات عامةالبلد ماليزيا المنطقة الزمنية ت ع م+08:00 تقع في منطقة تضاريس شبه جزيرة ملايو الإحداثيات 4°00′N 102°30′E / 4°N 102.5°E / 4; 102.5 عدد السكان 22٬569٬345 (2010) المساحة 131٬732 كيلومتر مربع النقيض شرق ماليزيا تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات 4°0′N 10...

Turangalîla-Symphonie

Symphony by Olivier Messiaen (1908-92) Turangalîla-Symphoniefor piano, ondes martenot, and orchestraby Olivier MessiaenMessiaen (1986)Other nameTurangalîlaCatalogueSimeone: I/29Period20th-century musicGenreSymphonyCommissioned bySerge KoussevitskyBased onTristan and IseultComposed17 July 1946 – 29 November 1948 (rev. 1990)DedicationIn memoriam Natalie Koussevitsky (manuscript; published copy bears no dedication)PublisherDurandDurationabout 80 minutesMovementsTenScoringLarge orchestra, Ond...

 

باربرا بوكسر

باربرا بوكسر (بالإنجليزية: Barbara Boxer)‏    معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 نوفمبر 1940 (84 سنة)[1][2]  بروكلين  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الديانة اليهودية[3]  مناصب عضو[4]   في المنصب1976  – 1982  مندوب[4]   تولت المنصب حتى1983  عضو مجلس النواب الأمريكي&...

 

Brethren of the Coast

Loose coalition of pirates in the Caribbean in the 17th and 18th centuries For the fictionalized version in the Pirates of the Caribbean films, see List of characters in Pirates of the Caribbean § Brethren Court. Henry Morgan recruiting his brethren for an attack on Portobelo in Panama The Brethren or Brethren of the Coast were a loose coalition of pirates and buccaneers that were active in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico...

Institut Sosiologi Internasional Kiev

Institut Sosiologi Internasional Kiev, (bahasa Ukraina: Київський міжнародний інститут соціології, КМІС) adalah organisasi Ukraina yang melakukan penelitian sosial di bidang-bidang: Penelitian sosial dan sosial ekonomi Penelitian pemasaran Penelitian politik Studi kesehatan Konsultasi penelitian dan audit Institut Sosiologi Internasional Kiev didirikan pada tahun 1990. Pranala luar Official site

 

Corrigan v. Buckley

1926 United States Supreme Court caseCorrigan et al. v. BuckleySupreme Court of the United StatesArgued January 8, 1926Decided May 24, 1926Full case nameCorrigan et al. v. BuckleyCitations271 U.S. 323 (more)46 S. Ct. 521; 70 L. Ed. 969HoldingThis decision dismissed any constitutional grounds for challenges racially restrictive covenants and upheld the legal right of property owners to enforce these discriminatory agreements.Court membership Chief Justice William H. Taft Associate Justices Ol...