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Organisation for Co‑operation between Railways
	OSJD in Warsaw, Poland
Formation	June 28, 1956; 68 years ago
Headquarters	Warsaw, Poland
Website	en.osjd.org

The Organisation for Co‑operation between Railways (OSJD or OSShD) (Russian: Организация Сотрудничества Железных Дорог or ОСЖД), is an organization established as the equivalent of the International Union of Railways (UIC) to create and improve the coordination of international rail transport.^{[citation needed]} Concerning especially the transports between Europe and Asia, it has helped develop cooperation between railway companies and with other international organisations. The members of this organisation created an international transport law.

History

SMGS member states

SMGS observer states

At a conference in Sofia, Bulgaria, on 28 June 1956, the governmental ministers managing railway transport of Eastern bloc countries Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, East Germany, China, North Korea, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia decided to establish a special inter-governmental organization, the executive body of which started operations in Warsaw, Poland, on 1 September 1957.

In contrast to Western European countries, railway links between OSShD member countries are characterized by long routes (8000 to 10,000 km), different and severe climatic zones, and two track gauge changes on a single route (1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) ). Focusing on collective resolution of railway transport problems, OSShD role has developed with new frontiers increasing freight transport times.

Transport between Europe and Asia is controlled by different regulations from Western Europe, such as the Agreement on Direct International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Rail and Procedure Instruction attached thereto (SMPS), Agreement on Direct International Goods Transport by Rail and Procedure Instruction attached thereto (SMGS), Rules of Reciprocal Use of Wagons in International Traffic (PPW) and Settlement procedures applied to the Agreement on Direct International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Rail (MPS) and Agreement on Direct International Goods Transport by Rail (MGS).

OSShD also improves the technical, legal and tariff compatibility between OSShD members and transport systems in Europe.

In 1990, OSShD consisted of 13 member countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, GDR, China, North Korea, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia). In 1992, it was joined by the six newly independent states of Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova and Ukraine. The reunification of Germany influenced the participation of the former East-German Deutsche Reichsbahn, which took observer status.

In 1992 in Ulaanbaatar, a new Conference of Railway General Directors was formed. This encouraged between 1993 and 1995, seven countries to join: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. This created 24 active member countries in total.

In 1997, Iran joined the OSShD, with Germany, France, Greece and Finland joining as observers. Additional, 17 commercial members joined, including: Siemens, Alcatel, Plasser & Theurer, Intercontainer-Interfrigo, Kolmex, and TransManche Link/Eurotunnel.

On March 21, 2014, the South Korean railway company Korail was admitted to OSShD as affiliate member.^[1] On June 7, 2018, South Korea was admitted as full member to the OSShD, after an approval vote by North Korea. South Korea had asked for membership already in 2015, but was blocked by North Korea's veto. OSShD requires unanimity of the existing members to admit a new one.^[2]

Operations

Europe-Asia freight operations

The main theme of the OSShD is in the programme for perfecting railway links between Europe and Asia. The OSShD defines success as the increase in freight volume that can be achieved both by direct investment in technical equipment, and by rationalization and improvement of existing procedures and services. The major programme provisions were presented at international conferences and published in Schienen der Welt, 4, 1995. The freight and passenger volumes between Europe and Asia, and the major railway flows were defined within the implementation of this programme, taking into account the activities in Europe of UIC, UN, ECE Inland Transport Commission, and the Trans-European Main Line Railway Programme

Routes

Druzhba-Alashankou crossing point - in 1994, the Ministers of Transport of Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, approved the regional programme for development and use of the international railways via the border crossing-point Druzhba-Alashankou until the year 2000
Berlin-Warsaw-Minsk-Moscow corridor - in 1995, the Ministers of Transport of Belarus, Germany, Poland and Russia signed a cooperation agreement on modernization, reconstruction and development of the Berlin-Warsaw-Minsk-Moscow corridor
Korea-Germany freight train

Legal

Agreements on international freight communications and the Carriages of Goods by Rail (CIM), and new rules on transporting dangerous freight prepared by OSShD based on UN recommendations and the Regulations governing the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID).

OSShD is also participating in preparation of the new convention on customs regulations in international railway freight within the framework of the UN ECE Inland Transport Commission to be presented at the UN ECE Inland Transport Commission forum in 1998.

Equipment

OSShD has created various technical standards, which allow each company's equipment to be attached to others, as well as specification for initially freight vehicles and then passenger carriages which each member could order to ensure cost efficiency and interoperability.

Part of involved the creation of a common specification for variable-gauge wheelsets, designed for use on the 1,435 mm and 1,520 mm gauges. OSShD is also works on technical problems of different push-pull devices, brakes, car sizes, etc.

Carriages

In 1962 the East German railway company Deutsche Reichsbahn introduced a new generation of 24.5m four-axle coaches, termed OSShD Type B (OSShD-B), on "Görlitz V" bogies.

From 1968 this was further developed to met UIC-standard, and became known as OSShD-Y. Built by VEB Waggonbau Bautzen or VEB Waggonbau Görlitz in East Germany, the 24.5m carriage was characteristic by its arched top, rather than the Type-B curved top. Supplied to all OSShD members, it was often the basis for the bulk of many OSShD members stock, as well as being sold on to other railway companies.^[3]

Future work

OSShD is presently working in the areas of

Specification of technical parameters for high-quality freight lines
Confirmation and simplification of legal regulations on procedures at frontiers related to transportation across Eurasian continent, delivery terms, financial responsibility, etc.
Creation of competitive conditions for acceptance and carriage of large freight volumes to improve OSShD members' financial conditions
Development of new forms of freight carriage by box freight trains from large-scale senders to large-scale receivers in shortest possible time at competitive prices

Members

It currently has 26 full member states.

Albania 1957
Azerbaijan 1995
Belarus 1990
Bulgaria 1957
China 1957
Cuba 1957
Czech Republic 1957
Estonia 1990
Georgia 1995
Hungary 1957
Iran since 1997
Kazakhstan 1995
North Korea 1957
South Korea 2018
Kyrgyzstan 1995
Latvia 1990
Lithuania 1990
Moldova 1990
Mongolia 1957
Poland 1957
Romania 1957
Russia 1957
Slovakia 1957
Tajikistan 1995
Turkmenistan 1995
Ukraine 1990
Uzbekistan 1995
Vietnam 1957.

There are four observers:

The route trackage of the full members in 2020 combined equals nearly 370,000 km or roughly a 28% of the world's railway trackage. In the former COMECON and some neighbouring nations, OSShD was the common railway standardization body and remains so today.

Similar organisations

Association of American Railroads (AAR), an industry trade group representing the railroads of North America
International Union of Railways (UIC)
International Association of Public Transport (UITP), promotes passenger transport especially in cities
Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF)
African Union of Railways (AUR)

References

^ matthew (2014-03-24). "KORAIL Takes First Step on "Eurasian Continental Railroad"". BusinessKorea. Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved 2018-08-21. KORAIL is all set for the era of the continental railway by joining OSJD as an affiliate. The move will lead to strengthening domestic products' global competitiveness and saving hundreds of billions of won in distribution costs by shortening the transportation period to Europe from four weeks by ship to 15 days by rail.
^ Heo Seung (2018-06-08). "South Korea admitted into OSJD on North Korea's approval". Hankoryeh (Hani.co.kr). Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ "OSShD-Y" (PDF). activitysimulatorworld.net. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
^ Signal Aspects