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Musa Alami
Musa Alami
	Musa al-Alami in 1918
Founder and Chairman of the Arab Development Society
	In office; 1952–?
Private secretary to the High Commissioner of Palestine
	In office; ?–?
Personal details
Born	3 May 1897; Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire
Died	8 June 1984 (aged 87)
Nationality	Palestinian
Occupation	Politician; entrepreneur; philanthropist;
Known for	Musa Alami Farm

London Conference, St. James' Palace, February 1939. Palestinian delegates (foreground), left to right: Fu'ad Saba, Yaqub Al-Ghussein, Musa Alami, Amin Tamimi, Jamal Al-Husseini, Awni Abdul Hadi, George Antonious, and Alfred Roch. Facing the Palestinians are the British, with Sir Neville Chamberlain presiding. To his right is Lord Halifax and to his left, Malcolm MacDonald

Musa Alami (3 May 1897 – 8 June 1984) Arabic: موسى العلمي, Müsə al-‘Alāmi) was a prominent Palestinian nationalist and politician. Due to Alami having represented Palestine at various Arab conferences, in the 1940s, he was viewed by many as the leader of the Palestinian Arabs.^[1]

Biography

Early life and political career

Alami was born in the Musrara neighborhood of Jerusalem^[2] into a prominent family. His father was Mayor of Jerusalem Faidi al-Alami, his sister was married to Jamal al-Hussayni, and he was the uncle of Serene Husseini Shahid.

Alami was first taught at the school of the American Colony and at the French Ecole des Freres in Jaffa. During World War I, he worked at the censorship office in Damascus. Alami retained a positive view of the Ottoman empire, recalling that the Arabs regarded the Turks as partners rather than oppressors, and above all, that Palestine was largely ruled by Palestinian officials. Alami claimed that "a greater degree of freedom and self-government existed in Palestine than in many Turkish provinces".^[3]

Later, he studied law at Cambridge University and was admitted to the Inner Temple and graduated with honors.

Upon his return to Jerusalem, Alami worked for the legal department of the government of the British Mandate of Palestine and eventually became the private secretary of the High Commissioner General Arthur Grenfell Wauchope. In 1934, Alami participated in talks with the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Sharett. Alami told Ben-Gurion that the most the Jews could expect would be a Jewish enclave around Tel Aviv in a Muslim Palestine. According to Ben-Gurion, he told Alami that Zionist efforts could provide significant help developing Palestine for all its inhabitants, but Alami replied that he would prefer to leave the land poor and desolate for another hundred years until the Arabs could develop it themselves.^[4]

Alami was ousted from his government position as legal adviser by the British authorities and went into exile in Beirut, and later Baghdad. He played an important role in the St. James Conference, negotiations with the British government in London in 1938–1939.^[5] He was a major contributor to the White Paper of 1939.^{[citation needed]}

Former British diplomat G. Furlonge, who was the author of Alami's biography, described the political scene in Jerusalem after the establishment of Israel in 1948: "The new [Palestinian] leaders were a set of young men of some education, all of them in the traumatic condition induced by the consciousness of having suffered a resounding defeat at the hand of an enemy whom they had heartily despised."^[6]

Alami founded and headed the Arab Office, which presented to the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry.^[7]^[8] According to historical evidence provided by Rashid Khalidi as well as firsthand accounts of Walid Khalidi and Hussein Khalidi, Alami was known for "high-handedness [which] alienated colleagues.^[8] By 1947, he and Hussein Khalidi "were no longer allies".^[8] Alami was also known for "closeness to the pro-British Iraqi regime", which "provoked the suspicions of many Palestinian figures".^[8]

Alami sold land to Zionists for the establishment of Tirat Zvi in the Beit She'an Valley.^[9]

Views on the Nakba

In an opinion article published in 1949, Alami gave his assessment of the "great national disaster" suffered by the Arabs of Palestine:^[10]

"[T]he British were the prime causers of the disaster, and on them lies its responsibility. They were assisted by the Americans and the Russians. So much is clear. At all events, we found ourselves face to face with the Jews, and entered into battle with them to decide the future; and in spite of what the British, the Americans, and the Russians had done, it was still within our power to win the fight."^[10]
"There were two phases to the battle of Palestine. ... In the first phase the fundamental source of our weakness was that we were unprepared even though not taken by surprise, while the Jews were fully prepared. ... These same weaknesses were the source of weakness in our defense in the second phase, that of the Arab armies: disunity, lack of a unified command, improvisation, diversity of plans, and on top of all a slackness and lack of seriousness in winning the war."^[10]
"The evacuation and homelessness of the Arabs was planned and intended by the Jews."^[10]
"In the social sphere, the incompetence of the Arab governments has revealed itself in the matter of the refugees. ... It is shameful that the Arab governments should prevent the Arab refugees from working in their countries and shut the doors in their faces and imprison them in camps."^[10]
"With the establishment of a Jewish foothold and base, the Arabs are faced with a new danger. The ambitions of the Jews are not limited to Palestine alone, but embrace other parts of the Arab world. ... The next step will be an attempt to take all of Palestine, and then they will proceed according to circumstances - circumstances which they themselves will attempt to create."^[10]

Arab Development Society

After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Alami lost most of his property in Jerusalem and the Galilee and went to live near Jericho,^[11] where he acquired a concession of 5,000 acres (20 km²) of desert from the Jordanian government. In 1952, he founded the Arab Development Society (ADS)^[12] to help Jericho's refugees.^[13] After discovering water in the desert, he founded a large farm and school for refugee children.^[14] Alami raised funds in order to build villages for the refugees and launched an agricultural farm whose produce was exported.^[15]

The farm prospered between 1951 and 1955, wells were dug, canals were built, and it raised agricultural crops. Palestinian refugees worked there and made a living from it. A swimming pool, a clinic, a school, and a residence for hundreds of orphans were built next to it. In December 1954, Jordanian intelligence learned that Amin al-Husseini was planning to assassinate Alami.^[16] During this period, the rehabilitation of refugees was considered a betrayal of the idea of preserving the right of return and fixing the refugee situation, and Alami was presented as a traitor. In December 1955, as part of riots against the Jordanian government, a mob invaded the farm, destroyed, and burned it.^[17]

After several months, the farm was rehabilitated, thanks in part to donations collected by Alami in the United States. During the Six Day War, Alami was on a fundraising campaign in London. After the war, Israel invited him to return to Jericho^[18] and requested the farm's continued operation.^[19]^[20]^[21] At the beginning of 1968, about 125 people worked and studied there.^[22] In May 1969, the farm was shelled twice by cannons fired from across the eastern Jordan River.^[23]

According to David Gilmour, who interviewed Alami in February 1979 in Jericho:

Both the farm and the school were highly successful until the Israeli invasion in 1967, when two-thirds of the land was laid waste and twenty-six of the twenty-seven wells destroyed. The Israeli army systematically smashed the irrigation system, the buildings and the well-boring machinery. Most of the land quickly reverted to desert.

Perhaps some of the destruction was unavoidable in wartime but what seems utterly callous and outrageous is the way Israeli authorities have behaved since 1967. A chunk of land was predictably wired off for "security reasons" and turned into a military camp. It is now deserted, [...] the Israelis refused to allow him to buy the necessary equipment either to restore the damaged wells or to drill new ones. So he made some manual repairs to four of the least damaged wells and with these he was able to salvage a fraction of the land and keep the farm and the school functioning. ...[The Israelis] are now telling him that he has too much water – though he has less than a fifth of what he used to have – and have warned him that they will be fixing a limit on his consumption and will be taking away the surplus for their own "projects" (i.e. their expanding settlements near Jericho).

...[Alami] laughs at President Carter's obsession with human rights because he knows they will never be observed in Palestine. "Liberty and justice are meaningless words for my people and my country. We have never known either." He waves towards his farm, a philanthropist's dream that was once brilliantly successful. "I gain no pleasure from this place now," he says, "I stay here out of duty. I know the Zionists have been wanting to get rid of us for years. They want me to go and have told me so. They want to build a kibbutz here. But I have a duty to keep going, a duty to my people."^[24]

Death

Musa Alami died in Amman on 8 June 1984 as a result of circulatory collapse.^[25] His funeral took place in the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Israel Defense Forces crossing on the eastern exit of Jericho, through which Palestinians traveling to Jordan via the Allenby Bridge pass, is named after him. The site of the farm that Alami built is still commonly known as "the Musa Alami farm".^[26]

References

^ Esco Foundation for Palestine Inc (1947). Palestine, a Study of Jewish, Arab, and British Policies. Vol. 2. Yale University Press. p. 1283 – via HathiTrust.
^ Mandel, Neville J. (1976). The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I. University of California Press. p. xx. ISBN 0-520-02466-4. During the 19th century, the "Ottoman Government employed the term Arz-i Filistin (the 'Land of Palestine') in official correspondence, meaning for all intents and purposes the area to the west of the River Jordan which became 'Palestine' under the British in 1922
^ Gilmour 1983, p. 35-36 (Gilmour interviewed Musa Alami in Feb. 1979)
^ Laqueur 2006, p. 161
^ Abcarius, M.F. Palestine Through the Fog of Propaganda. Hutchinson. p. 204.
^ Furlonge 1969, p. 161 Mis-cited in Laqueur 2006, p. 162
^ "The 1946 Anglo-American Committee". Interactive Encyclopedia of the Palestine Question – palquest. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Khalidi, Rashid (2020). The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance (Ebook ed.). Profile Books. pp. 128–129.
^ "Tirat Zvi". yorav.co.il. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Alami, Musa (1949). "The Lesson of Palestine". Middle East Journal. 3 (4): 373–405. JSTOR 4322113.
^ "Jericho". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. The city was under the rule of Jordan from 1949 until 1967; during that time the Palestinian nationalist Musa Alami founded an agricultural school and experimental farm there to provide training for the Palestinian refugee population.
^ "Company Information". Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
^ Salti, Amer (Fall 2004). "Alumni Updates" (PDF). Brigham Young University Marriott School of Business. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
^ Gilmour 1983, p. 128-9
^ "Something for Ammi". Time. 20 July 1953. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008.
^ Morris, Benny. "Chapter Two". Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956. p. 76.
^ מפעל ליישוב פליטים ערביים. Davar דבר (in Hebrew). 3 June 1958. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via National Library of Israel.
^ מוסא עלמי הורשה לשוב ליריחו השלטונות הישראליים בגדה. Maʻariv⁩ ⁨מעריב⁩ (in Hebrew). 18 June 1967. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via National Library of Israel.
^ היום ביריחו. ʻAl ha-mishmar⁩ ⁨על המשמר⁩ ⁩ (in Hebrew). 19 June 1967. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via National Library of Israel.
^ מנהל חוות עלמי ביריחו בא לתל־אביב - י ־ לקניות. Maʻariv⁩ ⁨מעריב⁩ (in Hebrew). 6 July 1967. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via National Library of Israel.
^ "Untitled". Maʻariv⁩ ⁨מעריב⁩ (in Hebrew). 28 August 1967. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via National Library of Israel.
^ עולם מוזר‭!. Davar⁩ ⁨דבר⁩ (in Hebrew). 18 March 1968. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via National Library of Israel.
^ הירדנים שוב במיונו תותודהם לעבר חוות מוסד.אל־עלמי ליד יריחו. Maʻariv⁩ ⁨מעריב⁩ (in Hebrew). 20 May 1969. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via National Library of Israel.
^ Gilmour 1983, p. 128-130
^ "Musa Alami, Founder Of an Arab Aid Group". New York Times. 16 June 1984. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
^ Kessler, Oren (2023). Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 235. ISBN 978-1538148808.