Divisions
Sama vedic
Yajur vedic
Atharva vedic
Vaishnava puranas
Shaiva puranas
Shakta puranas
Muktikā (Sanskrit: मुक्तिका) refers to the Sanskrit-language anthology of a canon of 108 Upaniṣhads.[1] The date of composition of each is unknown, with the oldest probably from about 800 BCE.[2][3] The Principal Upanishads were composed in the 1st millennium BCE,[4] most Yoga Upanishads composed probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period,[5] and seven of the Sannyasa Upanishads composed before the 3rd century CE.[6][7]
[1] The canon is part of a dialogue between Rama and Hanuman dealing with the inquiry into mukti in the Muktikā Upanishad (108 in the list). The other collections of Upanishads include Oupanekhat, a Persian language anthology of 50 Upanishads; the Colebrooke Collection of 52 Upanishads, and the 52 Upanishad Collection of Nārāyana.[8]
The canon is part of a dialogue between Rama and Hanuman. Rama proposes to teach Vedanta, saying "Even by reading one verse of them [any Upanishad] with devotion, one gets the status of union with me, which is hard to get even by sages." Hanuman inquires about the different kinds of "liberation" (or mukti, hence the name of the Upanishad), to which Rama answers, "The only real type [of liberation] is Kaivalya."[9]
The list of 108 Upanishads is introduced in verses 26-29:[9]
But by what means does one attain the Kaivalya kind of Moksha? The Mandukya [Upanishad] is enough; if knowledge is not attained from it, then study the Ten Upanishads. Attaining knowledge very quickly, you will reach my abode. If certainty is not attained even then, study the 32 Upanishads and stop. If desiring Moksha without the body, read the 108 Upanishads. Hear their order.
Most scholars list ten upanishads as principal, or the Mukhya Upanishads, while some consider eleven, twelve or thirteen as principal, or the most important Upanishads (highlighted).[10][11][12]
The list of 108 names is given in verses 30–39. They are as follows:
Almost all printed editions of ancient Vedas and Upanishads depend on the late manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years, not on the still-extant and superior oral tradition.[13] Michael Witzel explains this oral tradition as follows:
The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a tape-recording.... Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present.[14]
In this canon,
The first 13 are grouped as mukhya ("principal"), and 21 are grouped as Sāmānya Vedānta ("common Vedanta"). The remainder are associated with five different schools or sects within Hinduism, 20 with Sannyāsa (asceticism), 8 with Shaktism, 14 with Vaishnavism, 12 with Shaivism and 20 with Yoga.
these form the core of ancient texts, predating classical Hinduism; they span the 1st millennium BCE and reflect the emergence of Vedanta from Vedic religion.
Īṣa Bṛhadāraṇyaka
Kaṭha Taittirīya Śvetāśvatara
Praśna Muṇḍaka Māṇḍūkya
Kena Chāndogya Maitrāyaṇi
Kauśītāki Aitareya
These are general Upanishads, and do not focus on any specific post-classical Hindu tradition. Some are referred to as Vedantic Upanishads.[15]
Subāla Mantrikā Nirālamba Paiṅgala Adhyātmā Muktikā
Sarvasāra Śukarahasya Skanda Śārīraka Garbha Ekākṣara Akṣi Prāṇāgnihotra
Sūrya Ātmā
Vajrasūchi Maha Sāvitrī
Ātmabodha Mudgala
These are Upanishads that focus on renunciation-related themes and the life of a sannyasi (monk)
Jābāla Paramahaṃsa Advayatāraka Bhikṣuka Turīyātīta Yājñavalkya Śāṭyāyaniya
Brahma Tejobindu Avadhūta Kaṭharudra
Nāradaparivrājaka Paramahaṃsa parivrājaka Parabrahma
Āruṇeya Maitreya Sannyāsa Kuṇḍika
Nirvāṇa
These are Upanishads that focus on goddess Devi-related themes
Sarasvatīrahasya
Sītā Annapūrṇa Devī Tripurātapini Bhāvana
Tripura Saubhāgya Lakshmi Bahvṛca
These are Upanishads that focus on god Vishnu-related themes
Tārasāra
Nārāyaṇa Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa
Nṛsiṃhatāpanī Mahānārāyaṇa Rāmarahasya Rāmatāpaṇi Gopālatāpani Kṛṣṇa Hayagrīva Dattātreya Gāruḍa
Vāsudeva Avyakta
These are Upanishads that focus on god Shiva-related themes
Kaivalya Kālāgnirudra Dakṣiṇāmūrti Rudrahṛdaya Pañcabrahma
AtharvashirasAtharvaśikha Bṛhajjābāla Śarabha Bhasma Gaṇapati
Rudrākṣa Jābāli
Akṣamālika (Mālika)
These are Upanishads that focus on Yoga-related themes
Haṃsa Triśikhi Maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa
Amṛtabindu Amṛtanāda Kṣurika Dhyānabindu Brahmavidyā Yogatattva Yogaśikhā Yogakuṇḍalinī Varāha
Śāṇḍilya Pāśupata Mahāvākya
Yogachūḍāmaṇi Darśana
Nādabindu
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